TGO非均匀增长对热障涂层应力演化和破坏机理的影响

采用内聚力模型和热生长氧化层(TGO)非均匀增长子程序,数值模拟了在热循环载荷作用下热障涂层(TBC)内部应力演化规律和开裂行为。涂层失效过程首先是源自陶瓷层(TC)内近波峰位置的拉伸和切应力共同主导的陶瓷层Ⅰ、陶瓷层Ⅱ混合型裂纹;随着循环数增加,则转向由TC内近波峰位置的切应力主导的Ⅱ型裂纹和波峰波谷中间的涂层厚度方向拉伸应力主导的Ⅰ型裂纹。整体非均匀增长和波谷均匀增长模式下的最大拉伸应力经过一定循环数后几乎不再随循环数而增加;而在波峰均匀增长和整体均匀增长模式下,最大拉伸应力则会随着循环数增加持续增长。整体非均匀增长、波谷非均匀增长模式下,20个循环后最大切应力出现在近波峰位置,分别为-16241 MPa和-15428 MPa;而整体波峰均匀增长和整体均匀增长模式下,最大切应力为-11382 MPa和-11198 MPa。对于波谷均匀增长和整体非均匀增长模式,在9个循环后出现界面裂纹。而对于波峰均匀增长和整体非均匀增长模式,在第17个循环出现界面裂纹。     

低空无人机交通管理概览与建议综述

大量无序飞行的低空无人机运行会对地面设施、公共安全、空中载人飞行器等带来危害。然而,目前民航空中交通管理不能适应未来数以百万架的无人机。为了应对该挑战,世界各国针对低空无人机空中交通管理开发了新框架。低空无人机空中交通管理属于近几年出来的新事物。藉此聚焦于低空无人机交通管理,从4个方面进行概览：低空无人机相关的空中交通基本概念及现状、低空无人机交通管理介绍、低空无人机交通管理的关键技术和低空无人机交通管理相关科学问题,以期望对无人机产业健康发展有一定的建议意义。     

实用换能器频谱及声场特性分析

本文从超声检测原理出发 ,针对超声检测中近场区内缺陷难以准确定量的问题 ,利用计算机数字信号处理技术 ,通过对不同换能器进行频谱分析 ,计算各换能器声轴线上声压分布曲线 ,并进行对比实验 ,探讨了超声检测中声轴线上声压分布的一般规律。为提高超声检测的可靠性 ,并最终解决上述问题提供了理论和实验依据     

航天器内带电效应的微弱电流监测技术

航天器的内带电效应是影响其在轨稳定运行的重要因素.内带电效应的电流监测可以直接获得一手的内带电效应监测数据,也可获得反映引起内带电效应的高能电子充电环境的状态.针对近地中高地球轨道环境,基于国外电流监测数据并考虑可能遭遇的高能电子暴环境,分析获得了内带电效应电流的测量范围10 fA～500 pA.针对未来中高轨及木星、...     

冲击双层壁内通道表面换热系数的研究

为了研究双层壁内通道表面换热情况和冲击距离对换热影响,对双层壁结构内通道上、下表面的换热系数进行实验测量。由获得的换热系数来分析研究双层壁内部换热。并对冲击射流的机理作了分析。研究结果表明,在双层壁结构中,在高雷诺数时,在冲击板表面上会出现两个峰值;在进气板表面上也会出现位置随冲击高度变化的一高换热区;层板内通道表面上的换热系数随冲击距离的减小而增大。     

Mars Global Surveyor Observations of Solar Wind Magnetic Field Draping Around Mars

We examine the magnetic field in the martian magnetosheath due to solar wind draping. Mars Global Surveyor provided 3-D vector magnetic field measurements at a large range of altitudes, local times, and solar zenith angles as the spacecraft orbit evolved. We choose orbits with very clean signatures of draping to establish the nominal morphology of the magnetic field lines at local times of near-subsolar and near-terminator. Next, using a compilation of data from Mars Global Surveyor, we determine the average magnetic field morphology in the martian magnetosheath due to the solar wind interaction. The topology of the field is as expected from previous observations and predictions. The magnetic field magnitude peaks at low altitude and noon magnetic local time and decreases away from that point. The magnetic field has an inclination from the local horizontal of 5.6° on average in the dayside magnetosheath and 12.5° on the nightside. The inclination angle is closest to zero at noon magnetic local time and low altitude. It increases both upward and to later local times. The magnetic field in the induced magnetotail flares out from the Mars—Sun direction by 21°. Finally, we compare the observations to gasdynamic model predictions and find that the shocked solar wind flow in the martian magnetosheath can be treated as a gasdynamic flow with the magnetic pileup boundary as the inner boundary to the flow.     

The Magnetic Field of Mercury

The magnetic field strength of Mercury at the planet’s surface is approximately 1% that of Earth’s surface field. This comparatively low field strength presents a number of challenges, both theoretically to understand how it is generated and observationally to distinguish the internal field from that due to the solar wind interaction. Conversely, the small field also means that Mercury offers an important opportunity to advance our understanding both of planetary magnetic field generation and magnetosphere-solar wind interactions. The observations from the Mariner 10 magnetometer in 1974 and 1975, and the MESSENGER Magnetometer and plasma instruments during the probe’s first two flybys of Mercury on 14 January and 6 October 2008, provide the basis for our current knowledge of the internal field. The external field arising from the interaction of the magnetosphere with the solar wind is more prominent near Mercury than for any other magnetized planet in the Solar System, and particular attention is therefore paid to indications in the observations of deficiencies in our understanding of the external field. The second MESSENGER flyby occurred over the opposite hemisphere from the other flybys, and these newest data constrain the tilt of the planetary moment from the planet’s spin axis to be less than 5°. Considered as a dipole field, the moment is in the range 240 to 270 nT-R _M ³ , where R _M is Mercury’s radius. Multipole solutions for the planetary field yield a smaller dipole term, 180 to 220 nT-R _M ³ , and higher-order terms that together yield an equatorial surface field from 250 to 290 nT. From the spatial distribution of the fit residuals, the equatorial data are seen to reflect a weaker northward field and a strongly radial field, neither of which can be explained by a centered-dipole matched to the field measured near the pole by Mariner 10. This disparity is a major factor controlling the higher-order terms in the multipole solutions. The residuals are not largest close to the planet, and when considered in magnetospheric coordinates the residuals indicate the presence of a cross-tail current extending to within 0.5R _M altitude on the nightside. A near-tail current with a density of 0.1 μA/m² could account for the low field intensities recorded near the equator. In addition, the MESSENGER flybys include the first plasma observations from Mercury and demonstrate that solar wind plasma is present at low altitudes, below 500 km. Although we can be confident in the dipole-only moment estimates, the data in hand remain subject to ambiguities for distinguishing internal from external contributions. The anticipated observations from orbit at Mercury, first from MESSENGER beginning in March 2011 and later from the dual-spacecraft BepiColombo mission, will be essential to elucidate the higher-order structure in the magnetic field of Mercury that will reveal the telltale signatures of the physics responsible for its generation.     

常开洞工业厂房风致内压试验研究

通过一系列不同条件下的单个常开洞单跨厂房刚性模型风洞测压试验,分析了风向角、开洞位置、开洞形状以及开洞大小对内压平均值与脉动值的影响,并与基于稳态理论与非定常理论的内压预测值进行了比较。研究发现,单个常开洞厂房内压的空间分布是均匀的,几乎处处相等,仅在开洞附近测点的风压系数值稍有差别;内压的脉动特性主要来源于来流湍流作用、旋涡脱落与尾流干扰以及赫姆霍兹共振等三个方面的影响;内压的均值与均方根值受开洞条件以及风向角等因素影响较大;稳态理论计算得到的内压系数均值与试验所得非常接近,但是均方根值的预测偏保守。非定常理论推导得到的内压响应方程在风速方向正对开洞时可以给出良好的预测,但由于受旋涡脱落、尾流干扰等影响,斜风向时运用该方法预测内压是不合适的。     

Research into Configuration and Flow of Wall Oil Film in Bearing Chamber Based on Droplet Size Distribution

The lubrication design and heat transfer determination of bearing chambers in aeroengine require a sufficient understanding of the oil droplet-film interaction and physical characteristic in an oil/air two-phase flow state.The analyses of oil droplet movement,mass and momentum transfer during the impingement of droplet/wall,as well as wall oil film thickness and flow velocity are very important for the bearing chamber lubrication and heat transfer calculation.An integrated model in combination with droplet movement,droplet/wall impact and film flow analysis is put forward initially based on the consideration of droplet size distribution.The model makes a contribution to provide more practical and feasible technical approach,which is not only for the study of droplet-film interaction and physical behavior in bearing chambers with oil/air two-phase flow phenomena,but also useful for an insight into the essence of physical course through droplet movement and deposition,film formation and flow.The influences of chamber geometries and operating conditions on droplet deposition mass and momentum transfer,and wall film thickness and velocity distribution are discussed.The feasibility of the method by theoretical analysis is also verified by the existing experimental data.The current work is conducive to expose the physical behavior of wall oil film configuration and flow in bearing chamber,and also significant for bearing chamber lubrication and heat transfer study under oil/air two-phase flow conditions.     

美国火星表面探测使命述评（下）

从1975年8月发射（1976年7月着陆火星）的海盗-1探测器以来,美国已成功执行了6次火星表面探测使命,即海盗-1与海盗-2轨道器/着陆器,＂火星探路者＂（MPF）着陆器/巡游车,＂勇气＂与＂机遇＂火星探测巡游车（MER）,以及＂凤凰＂着陆器;而推迟到2011年发射的火星科学实验室（MSL）将火星着陆技术与表面巡游车技术推向一个新的高度。从＂海盗＂着陆器到MSL＂好奇心＂巡游车、美国历经三种火星着陆系统与三代火星表面巡游车技术的发展。三种着陆系统为着陆腿着陆系统（＂海盗＂与＂凤凰＂）,气囊着陆系统（MPF与MER）,以及空中吊机着陆系统（MSL）。三代巡游车为MPF＂旅居者＂巡游车、MER＂勇气＂与＂机遇＂巡游车,以及MSL＂好奇心＂巡游车。现在,美国在火星进入、降落与着陆（EDL）运作与表面避障移动方面,已达到技术成熟与先进的水平,满足安全着陆与表面移动探测的要求。文章阐述美国上述七项火星表面探测使命的立项背景、科学目标与有效载荷、飞行系统组成,以及飞行运作程序;分析美国火星着陆技术与表面巡游车技术的发展。