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11.
We present up-to-date evolutionary models of low-mass stars, from M0.6 M down to the hydrogen burning minimum mass, using recent equation of state and synthetic spectra calculations. Comparison is made with observed luminosity function for these objects. We also present implications for the dark-matter distribution in the galactic halo. 相似文献
12.
Annual solar UV exposure and biological effective dose rates on the Martian surface. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
M R Patel A Bérces T Kerékgyárto Gy Rontó H Lammer J C Zarnecki 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,33(8):1247-1252
The ultraviolet (UV) environment of Mars has been investigated to gain an understanding of the variation of exposure throughout a Martian year, and link this flux to biological effects and possible survival of organisms at the Martian surface. To gain an idea of how the solar UV radiation varies between different regions, including planned landing sites of two future Mars surface missions, we modelled the total solar UV surface flux throughout one Martian year for two different dust scenarios. To understand the degree of solar UV stress on micro-organisms and/or molecules essential for life on the surface of Mars, we also calculated the biologically effective dose (BED) for T7 and Uracil in relevant wavelength regions at the Martian surface as a function of season and latitude, and discuss the biological survival rates in the presence of Martian solar UV radiation. High T7/Uracil BED ratios indicate that even at high latitudes where the UV flux is significantly reduced, the radiation environment is still hostile for life due to the persisting UV-C component of the flux. 相似文献
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14.
Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is a differential technique observing radiation of compact extra-galactic radio sources with pairs of radio telescopes. For these observations, the frequency standards at the telescopes need to have very high stability. In this article we discuss why this is, and we investigate exactly how precise the frequency standards need to be. Four areas where good clock performance is needed are considered: coherence, geodetic parameter estimation, correlator synchronization, and UT1 determination. We show that in order to ensure the highest accuracy of VLBI, stability similar to that of a hydrogen maser is needed for time-scales up to a few hours. In the article, we are considering both traditional VLBI where extra-galactic radio sources are observed, as well as observation of man-made artificial radio sources emitted by satellites or spacecrafts. 相似文献
15.
López-Valverde Miguel A. Gerard Jean-Claude González-Galindo Francisco Vandaele Ann-Carine Thomas Ian Korablev Oleg Ignatiev Nikolai Fedorova Anna Montmessin Franck Määttänen Anni Guilbon Sabrina Lefevre Franck Patel Manish R. Jiménez-Monferrer Sergio García-Comas Maya Cardesin Alejandro Wilson Colin F. Clancy R. T. Kleinböhl Armin McCleese Daniel J. Kass David M. Schneider Nick M. Chaffin Michael S. López-Moreno José Juan Rodríguez Julio 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(1):1-31
Space Science Reviews - Time measured by an ideal clock crucially depends on the gravitational potential and velocity of the clock according to general relativity. Technological advances in... 相似文献
16.
Evandro Marconi Rocco 《Space Science Reviews》2010,151(1-3):135-147
Using the Earth albedo model and the orbital dynamics model developed as part of the First Look Project (Fast Initial In-Orbit Identification of Scientific Satellites) the terrestrial albedo is evaluated considering the orbits of some scientific missions as Gravity Probe B, MICROSCOPE and STEP. The model of the Earth albedo is based on the reflectivity data measured by NASA’s Earth Probe satellite, which is part of the TOMS project (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer). The reflectivity data are available daily, on line at the TOMS website, and they fluctuate because of changes in clouds and ice coverage and seasonal changes. The data resolution partitions the Earth surface into a number of cells. The incident irradiance on each cell is used to calculate total radiant flux from the cell. With the radiant flux from each cell, the irradiance at the satellite is calculated. 相似文献
17.
Alfvén waves are considered to be viable transporters of the non-thermal energy required to heat the Sun’s quiescent atmosphere. An abundance of recent observations, from state-of-the-art facilities, have reported the existence of Alfvén waves in a range of chromospheric and coronal structures. Here, we review the progress made in disentangling the characteristics of transverse kink and torsional linear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves. We outline the simple, yet powerful theory describing their basic properties in (non-)uniform magnetic structures, which closely resemble the building blocks of the real solar atmosphere. 相似文献
18.
19.
Philippe Ailleris 《Acta Astronautica》2011,68(1-2):2-15
With the commemoration in October 2007 of the Sputnik launch, space exploration celebrated its 50th anniversary. Despite impressive technological and scientific achievements the fascination for space has weakened during the last decades. One contributing factor has been the gradual disappearance of mankind's hope of discovering extraterrestrial life within its close neighbourhood. In striking contrast and since the middle of the 20th century, a non-negligible proportion of the population have already concluded that intelligent beings from other worlds do exist and visit Earth through space vehicles popularly called Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs). In light of the continuous public interest for the UFO enigma symbolized by the recent widely diffused media announcements on the release of French and English governmental files; and considering the approach of broadening the strategies of the “Active SETI” approach and the existence of a rich multi-disciplinary UFO documentation of potential interest for SETI; this paper describes some past scientific attempts to demonstrate the physical reality of the phenomena and potentially the presence on Earth of probes of extraterrestrial origin. Details of the different instrumented field studies deployed by scientists and organizations during the period 1950–1990 in the USA, Canada and Europe are provided. In conclusion it will be argued that while continuing the current radio/optical SETI searches, there is the necessity to maintain sustaining attention to the topic of anomalous aerospace phenomena and to develop new rigorous research approaches. 相似文献
20.
Jean A. Kéchichian 《Acta Astronautica》2011,68(11-12):1914-1930
An efficient self-contained trajectory optimization software is generated by making use of de Pontécoulant's analytic lunar theory removing the need for an outside third body ephemeris program to compute the lunar and solar position vectors at each integration step. The accelerations being further resolved along the rotating Euler–Hill frame after expansion to third order in the spacecraft radial distance, the adjoint differential equations are derived in a direct manner complementing the generation of the dynamic system of equations for full compatibility. Because the variation of parameters equations are cast in terms of the nonsingular equinoctial elements with the perturbation accelerations resolved in their analytic form along the rotating axes, the adjoint equations are also derived in the same manner providing a highly efficient and accurate system of equations for rapid computations in conjunction with Aerospace Corporation's NLP2 nonlinear programming codes to search for the initial values of the multipliers that steer the spacecraft towards its target orbit in minimum time. Numerical simulations show that the solutions obtained by the analysis developed in this paper are essentially identical to the more indirect approach based on the use of inertial accelerations obtained from a separate ephemeris generator and subsequent conversions to the thrust frame and equinoctial system. 相似文献