故障诊断技术

诊断故障是一项极其重要的工作。因为只有诊断出故障发生的原因才能排除故障,从而使工程正常的进行。不同类型的工程产生的故障也不同,我厂生产过程中,除发生机械工业中常有的一般故障外,还会产生不协调故障。下面介绍这两类故障的诊断技术。一、一般故障的诊断方法对于生产过程中经常发生的重复故障,必须深入进行调查研究,详细记录产生故障的各种因素,并画成排列图(主次图,图1)。排列图是全面质量管理中使用的七种工具中主要的一种,是找出产生故障主要因素的一种有效方法。     

1900年俄军在天津

本文是对《史学月刊》1986年第3期所载拙稿《俄国对义和团运功的政策与英俄关系》一文论点的补遗。在那篇文章里,根据对俄国整个战略方针的分析,我认为俄国对义和团运动实行的是有限干涉政策,不谋求联军领导权,不当主角,以保持“行动自由”,随时捍卫俄国根本利益。但是,这个政策是俄国政府的一般政策,特别是1900年7月4日各国的政策大体都明朗了以后的俄国政策。可是,在这之前,俄国的政策并非如此。在7月4日以前,八国联军的活动主要限于天津地区。当时,天津的军事形势和国际关系的客观现实,使俄军处于事变旋涡,成为侵略天津的元凶。主要理由是,由于旅顺与天津之间交通方便,俄国成为最先向天津出兵的帝国主义者,俄国侵略者摘取了首席干涉者的“桂冠”,是攻占大沽的急先锋,租界战役的主力,为保护帝国主义各国在天津的利益,立下汗马功劳;租界战役后又成为向天津郊县讨伐义和团,骚扰乡民的祸首。7月4日以后,联军没侵略主角定为日本侵略军,但俄国仍不失为最积极的配角,在7月13～14日八固联军侵华史上最血腥的一页——攻占天津的战役中,俄军在日军之外扮演了最卑下的角色。八国联军侵略天津的近两个月中,俄国始终是一切关键战役的组织策划者,是天京城战役以外历次重要侵略战役之主力,犯下累累罪行,对天津人民欠下的血债,罄竹难书。     

Gravity and perceptual stability during translational head movement on earth and in microgravity

We measured the amount of visual movement judged consistent with translational head movement under normal and microgravity conditions. Subjects wore a virtual reality helmet in which the ratio of the movement of the world to the movement of the head (visual gain) was variable. Using the method of adjustment under normal gravity 10 subjects adjusted the visual gain until the visual world appeared stable during head movements that were either parallel or orthogonal to gravity. Using the method of constant stimuli under normal gravity, seven subjects moved their heads and judged whether the virtual world appeared to move “with” or “against” their movement for several visual gains. One subject repeated the constant stimuli judgements in microgravity during parabolic flight. The accuracy of judgements appeared unaffected by the direction or absence of gravity. Only the variability appeared affected by the absence of gravity. These results are discussed in relation to discomfort during head movements in microgravity.     

Increased urinary excretion rates of serotonin and metabolites during bedrest

Astronauts are often on a voluntarily reduced energy intake during space missions, possibly caused by a metabolic or emotional stress response with involvement of the central serotonergic system (SES). We investigated 24 h urinary excretion (24 h-E) of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindol acidic acid as indicators of the SES in healthy males under two different normocaloric conditions: normal physical activity (NPA) and -6 degree head-down-tilt (HDT). HDT or NPA were randomly arranged with a recovery period of 6 months in between. 24 h-E of hormones varied widely among individuals. Values were higher in HDT compared to NPA. Assuming that the 24 h-E values are, beside being indicators for alterations in the number and metabolism of platelets. Also indicators of central SES, HDT condition seems to activate central SES in a higher degree compared to NPA. Therefore, changes in central SES might be involved in the mechanisms associated with space flight or microgravity, including possible maladaptations such as voluntary undernutrition.     

北约防空

北约的防空体系似乎并不完整,而且,华约部队在规模上以及装备上的明显一致对北约也是一种威胁。然而,这只是表面假象,北约防空的多样化或许正是它的长处所在。相反,华约军备虽然都是标准化的,然而部队人员的国籍、语言却很不一致。而北约国家是在自己的国土上作战,这一点对他们来说是一个很大的长处。     

国外先进复合材料发展及其在卫星结构中应用

本文叙述了先进复合材料在卫星结构上的应用与地位,通过对卫星结构使用材料综合分析,指出发展先进复合材料的重要性,特别指出碳/环氧复合材料将成为卫星结构中应用的主要材料。 本文还简述了我国卫星结构中应用复合材料概况,并结合我国国情对发展复合材料过程中,急需解决的问题提出一些看法和建议。     

低成本多小天体并行交会技术

小天体资源开发方兴未艾,为降低开发风险和成本,需要发射无人探测器交会观测多个待选目标小天体。传统多目标探测方案存在无法多次交会、成本高,周期长等不足。提出的低成本多小天体并行交会技术,能够对多小天体探测任务进行解耦,实现基于微纳飞行器的低成本多目标并行交会勘查,从而降低探测成本,缩短探测周期。该技术结合行星借力与不变流形机制构建了低能量星际转移方案。然后引入扰动流形思想,使微纳飞行器能够实现与目标小天体的快速交会。进一步,提出了一种多目标小天体探测全局搜索方法,该方法基于在日地halo轨道上停泊的微纳飞行器集群,逐次确定小天体探测目标,并利用上述方法完成了多微纳飞行器与多小天体的交会。数值仿真结果表明,该方案能够大幅度降低转移过程的燃料消耗,并缩短转移时间。     

基于光纤耦合金刚石NV色心系综磁强计的电路诊断方法

为考查应用新型磁强计——金刚石氮空穴(nitrogen-vacancy,NV)色心系综磁强计进行电路诊断的可行性和可靠性,从金刚石NV色心系综磁强计的基本原理出发,搭建了一套光纤耦合金刚石NV色心系综磁强计测试实验系统,将探头紧贴于电路导线外壳,通过测量磁强计处磁场信号的变化实现对电路的诊断.实验结果表明,金刚石NV色...