Biofeedback monitoring-devices for astronauts in space environment

After a reconsideration of the state-of-the-art in biofeedback research the implementation of biofeedback systems is envisioned as a countermeasure of stress for the psychoprophylaxis of the astronaut. A one-session experiment performed on two groups of subjects to assess the interference from EMG-feedback on the performance in a simultaneous psychomotor trial with a view to expanding biofeedback application is described. The results show that the experimental group performed in the same way as the control without feedback, but with less CNS activation. Some general conclusions are drawn from the advances in technology.     

现代表面分析——俄歇电子谱(AES)和X-射线光电子谱(XPS)在冶金学中的应用

Ⅰ 前言 关于腐蚀的一个简单而直接的定义可以是:通过与周围环境作用,材料发生变质。这种变质可以表现为失去承载能力,电性能变差,尺寸改变,触媒作用变差以及表面装饰性能变坏等。我们周围有很多腐蚀的例子,本讲中我     

Meteor wake in high frame-rate images--implications for the chemistry of ablated organic compounds

Extraterrestrial organic matter may have been chemically altered into forms more ameanable for prebiotic chemistry in the wake of a meteor after ablation. We measured the rate of cooling of the plasma in the meteor wake from the intensity decay just behind a meteoroid by freezing its motion in high frame-rate 1000 frames/s video images, with an intensified camera that has a short phosphor decay time. Though the resulting cooling rate was found to be lower than theoretically predicted, our calculations indicated that there would have been insufficient collisions to break apart large organic compounds before most reactive radicals and electrons were lost from the air plasma. Organic molecules delivered from space to the early Earth via meteors might therefore have survived in a chemically altered form. In addition, we discovered that relatively small meteoroids generated far-ultraviolet emission that is absorbed in the immediate environment of the meteoroid, which may chemically alter the atmosphere over a much larger region than previously recognized.     

Bright light as a chronobiological countermeasure for shiftwork in space

Work-rest schedules during long duration space missions involve several factors which could disrupt sleep and circadian temporal organisation: (1) displacement of sleep due to two-shift operations; (2) planned or unplanned schedule changes due to operational requirements; (3) social and light Zeitgebers different from those on earth; (4) changes in the gravitational exposure. Timed bright light treatment has the potential to accelerating adaptation to schedule changes. Four male subjects were exposed to two sessions of 11 d of simulated microgravity (6 ° head down tilt bedrest) with 6-h extensions of the wake period on 2 days (12-h phase delay). In a blind crossover design, subjects were exposed to bright light (> 3500 lux) for 5 h on each of the 2 shift days and the following day, at times either expected to accelerate the adjustment to the phase delay (experimental condition) or to have no phase shifting effect (control condition). Sleep was recorded polygraphically, the circadian system was monitored by recordings of heart rate and body temperature, and by collection of urine (electrolyte and hormone excretion). Only the rhythms of 6-hydroxymelatoninsulphate and potassium excretions showed significantly enhanced adjustment under the experimental condition. Different rhythms Actapted to the 12-h delay at different rates, comparable to those observed after time zone shifts. Sleep was shorter in simulated weightlessness than in normal ambulatory age-matched subjects, consistent with the shorter sleep durations characteristic of space flight. These results confirm the disruptive effects of wake-rest schedule shifts on sleep and circadian rhythms. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, 5-h exposures to bright light finishing at the time of the circadian temperature minimum were not more effective at accelerating adjustment to a 12-h schedule delay than exposures coinciding with the temperature maximum. We conclude that, while bright light may accelerate adjustment to work-rest schedule delays, any such effect seems to be largely independent from the timing of the light exposure.     

弹上测量仪器用的编码器

本文介绍的PCM—480编码器是高可靠的器件,平均无故障时间达48000小时。它包含串行和并行计算机接口,主/从能力,频率计数器、数据块,两个帧格式、两种码速率,加速度计信号调节单元等。文中讨论了系统结构、计算机接口、相位锁决环、信号调节器等部件。由于使用了CMOS电路的新技术,电源的功耗己减至最低限度。其结构紧凑,能更有效地利用空间。     

遥测数据压缩和信道编码的新进展

文章论述了远程通信信道前向纠错编码和信源数据压缩编码对集成电路工艺的依赖性。重点放在采用全定制超大规模集成电路(VLSI)工艺的实时高速RS(Reed Slomon)译码上。本文还介绍了 NASA 标准信道编码器和推荐的无损数据压缩编码器的性能曲线。     

Overview of the Neurolab Spacelab mission

Neurolab is a NASA Spacelab mission with multinational cooperative participation that is dedicated to research on the nervous system. The nervous systems of all animal species have evolved in a one-g environment and are functionally influenced by the presence of gravity. The absence of gravity presents a unique opportunity to gain new insights into basic neurologic functions as well as an enhanced understanding of physiological and behavioral responses mediated by the nervous system. The primary goal of Neurolab is to expand our understanding of how the nervous system develops, functions in, and adapts to microgravity space flight. Twenty-six peer reviewed investigations using human and nonhuman test subjects were assigned to one of eight science discipline teams. Individual and integrated experiments within these teams have been designed to collect a wide range of physiological and behavior data in flight as well as pre- and postflight. Information from these investigations will be applicable to enhancing the well being and performance of future long duration space travelers, will contribute to our understanding of normal and pathological functioning of the nervous system, and may be applied by the medical community to enhance the health of humans on Earth.     

数字波束形成合成孔径雷达

阐述了最近在Astrium完成的两项SAR研究，简述了大地测量合成孔径成像雷达X型（TSX）卫星的能力。两项研究是在SAR成像模式时采用新颖天线波束形成概念的高分辨率宽条带成像雷达（HRWS）和LCMA（低成本多个馈电天线）。分析了它们的设计、性能和样机框图，并将它们与采用有源相控阵天线的TSX—SAR进行了比较。     

固体推进剂发动机的热贮存寿命

借助于统计力学计算了受环境温度变化影响的固体推进剂火箭发动机的贮存寿命。考察了粘弹性效应、化学老化、累积损害和力学性能的统计变化。     

全复合材料宇航发动机可行性验证

1982年11月,空军火箭推进实验室成功地进行了由若干先进的部件组成的发动机的高空模拟点火试验,从而完成了全复合材料固体火箭宇航发动机可行性的验证。这次试验使法国欧洲推进公司与美国联合工艺公司化学系统分公司分工合作为期三年的研制工作达到高潮。发动机接近于全复合材料结构,金属部件几乎完全消除,证实了全复合材料发动机的可行性。经过验证的先进部件有:1)凯夫拉—环氧树脂燃烧室的复合材料极性接头;2)轻质的燃烧室绝热层;3)适用于头部满装药且安装在喷管上提供飞行用的环形点火器;4)高性能的 HTPB/HMX 先进宇航发动机推进剂;5)具有无支撑整体喷喉和入口段,以及能直接适应推力向量控制作动器载荷(在未来试验中)的薄壁出口锥的特轻喷管;6)连接出口锥与整体喷喉和入口段的套装式出口接头。