Training astronauts using three-dimensional visualisations of the International Space Station

Recent advances in personal computer technology have led to the development of relatively low-cost software to generate high-resolution three-dimensional images. The capability both to rotate and zoom in on these images superposed on appropriate background images enables high-quality movies to be created. These developments have been used to produce realistic simulations of the International Space Station on CD-ROM. This product is described and its potentialities demonstrated. With successive launches, the ISS is gradually built up, and visualised over a rotating Earth against the star background. It is anticipated that this product's capability will be useful when training astronauts to carry out EVAs around the ISS. Simulations inside the ISS are also very realistic. These should prove invaluable when familiarising the ISS crew with their future workplace and home. Operating procedures can be taught and perfected. "What if" scenario models can be explored and this facility should be useful when training the crew to deal with emergency situations which might arise. This CD-ROM product will also be used to make the general public more aware of, and hence enthusiastic about, the International Space Station programme.     

先进焊接技术在航空航天领域中的应用

先进飞机的研制与生产对焊接技术的发展具有强大的推动作用,在解决航空制造技术关键问题时,焊接的优势越来越明显,如减轻结构重量、提高结构性能等,焊接技术已由原来的辅助制造工艺演变成为飞机制造中的关键技术;另一方面,焊接技术自身的发展和完善,也为新型先进飞机的结构设计和制造提供了技术保证。     

A facility for long-term Mars simulation experiments: the Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH)

We describe the design, construction, and pilot operation of a Mars simulation facility comprised of a cryogenic environmental chamber, an atmospheric gas analyzer, and a xenon/mercury discharge source for UV generation. The Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH) consists of a double-walled cylindrical chamber. The double wall provides a cooling mantle through which liquid N(2) can be circulated. A load-lock system that consists of a small pressure-exchange chamber, which can be evacuated, allows for the exchange of samples without changing the chamber environment. Fitted within the MESCH is a carousel, which holds up to 10 steel sample tubes. Rotation of the carousel is controlled by an external motor. Each sample in the carousel can be placed at any desired position. Environmental data, such as temperature, pressure, and UV exposure time, are computer logged and used in automated feedback mechanisms, enabling a wide variety of experiments that include time series. Tests of the simulation facility have successfully demonstrated its ability to produce temperature cycles and maintain low temperature (down to -140 degrees C), low atmospheric pressure (5-10 mbar), and a gas composition like that of Mars during long-term experiments.     

A FINITE ELEMENT ADAPTIVE METHOD FOR SOLVING GENERALIZED STOKES PROSLEM

ＡＦＩＮＩＴＥＥＬＥＭＥＮＴＡＤＡＰＴＩＶＥＭＥＴＨＯＤＦＯＲＳＯＬＶＩＮＧＧＥＮＥＲＡＬＩＺＥＤＳＴＯＫＥＳＰＲＯＳＬＥＭＤ．Ａ．ＦｏｋｉｎＹａｎｇＺｕｏｓｈｅｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＡｅｒｏｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓ，ＮＵＡＡ２９ＹｕｄａｏＳｔｒｅｅ...     

A METHOD FOR CALCULATING KINEMATIC PARAMETERS OF HELICOPTER IN LOOP AND ROLL MANEUVERS

ＡＭＥＴＨＯＤＦＯＲＣＡＬＣＵＬＡＴＩＮＧＫＩＮＥＭＡＴＩＣＰＡＲＡＭＥＴＥＲＳ　ＯＦＨＥＬＩＣＯＰＴＥＲＩＮＬＯＯＰＡＮＤＲＯＬＬＭＡＮＥＵＶＥＲＳＣａｏＹｉｈｕａ；ＧａｏＺｈｅｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＡｉｒｃｒａｆｔＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ．...     

TWO NEW RECOGNITION METHODS FOR SPATIAL PLANAR POLYGONS

ＴＷＯＮＥＷＲＥＣＯＧＮＩＴＩＯＮＭＥＴＨＯＤＳＦＯＲＳＰＡＴＩＡＬＰＬＡＮＡＲＰＯＬＹＧＯＮＳＣｈｅｎｇＹｕ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＮＵＡＡ２９ＹｕｄａｏＳｔｒｅｅｔ，Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ２１００１６．Ｐ．Ｒ．Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓ...     

FUSELAGE STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION WITH MSC／MOD PRE－PROCESSING AND MSC／PAL2 POST－PROCESSING

ＦＵＳＥＬＡＧＥＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＡＬＯＰＴＩＭＩＺＡＴＩＯＮＷＩＴＨＭＳＣ／ＭＯＤＰＲＥ－ＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＩＮＧＡＮＤＭＳＣ／ＰＡＬ２ＰＯＳＴ－ＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＩＮＧ￥ＣｈｅｎＭｕｌａｎ（ＲｅｓｅａｒｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＰｉｌｏｔｌｅｓｓＡｉｒｃｒａ...     

COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL SYSTEM

ＣＯＭＰＵＴＥＲＳＩＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＤＩＲＥＣＴＴＯＲＱＵＥＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＳＹＳＴＥＭ￥ＨｕＹｕｗｅｎ；ＸｕＹｕｅ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＡｕｔｏｍａｔｉｃＣｏｎｔｒｏｌ，ＮＵＡＡ２９ＹｕｄａｏＳｔｒｅｅｔ，Ｎａｎｊｉｎｇ２１００１６，Ｐ．Ｒ．...     

新型无电极晶体振荡器的性能

无电极(BVA)石英晶体振荡器已在法国的Besancon研制成功并由瑞士的Neuchat-el oscilloquartz S.A.进行工业化生产。这种谐振器使石英晶体振荡器的长期性能得到改善。由于允许较高的激励电平,所以也保证了较好的短期稳定度[5][6]。已经用三种不同的振荡器获得了实验结     

谐振器工作在两频率上的简接幅频效应

使用单个石英谐振器,能够在加上几种激励电压情况下,同时得到几种谐振频率。几个振荡器可以使用同一个谐振器。但在信号幅度增加时,不会出现线性效应。各种不同振动之间的耦合,主要由下列两方面引起:1)振荡器之间的电子耦合。2)振荡材料本身引起的耦合(通过非线性效应)。文中只考虑了两个谐振频率之间的耦合,其实验数据符合 B.V.A 谐振器。为了消除振荡器之间的电子耦合,可用两个隔离的频率综合器对谐振器进行无源测试。主振模的频率变化,是根据其它模的幅度进行测量的。为了明确起见,把这种效应称做间接幅频效应(或引入的幅频效应)。这里介绍的一些特殊情况包括:采用三次和五次泛音和 B 模的5兆赫 AT 切和 SC 切晶体。本文给出了一些实验结果和曲线图,同时提出了一些应用。