全文获取类型
收费全文 | 6200篇 |
免费 | 527篇 |
国内免费 | 516篇 |
专业分类
航空 | 3393篇 |
航天技术 | 1834篇 |
综合类 | 743篇 |
航天 | 1273篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 26篇 |
2022年 | 84篇 |
2021年 | 95篇 |
2020年 | 81篇 |
2019年 | 80篇 |
2018年 | 128篇 |
2017年 | 121篇 |
2016年 | 134篇 |
2015年 | 139篇 |
2014年 | 221篇 |
2013年 | 243篇 |
2012年 | 242篇 |
2011年 | 296篇 |
2010年 | 254篇 |
2009年 | 337篇 |
2008年 | 368篇 |
2007年 | 253篇 |
2006年 | 235篇 |
2005年 | 236篇 |
2004年 | 185篇 |
2003年 | 218篇 |
2002年 | 276篇 |
2001年 | 265篇 |
2000年 | 147篇 |
1999年 | 196篇 |
1998年 | 208篇 |
1997年 | 197篇 |
1996年 | 190篇 |
1995年 | 176篇 |
1994年 | 136篇 |
1993年 | 125篇 |
1992年 | 135篇 |
1991年 | 94篇 |
1990年 | 72篇 |
1989年 | 105篇 |
1988年 | 61篇 |
1987年 | 52篇 |
1986年 | 49篇 |
1985年 | 117篇 |
1984年 | 104篇 |
1983年 | 61篇 |
1982年 | 85篇 |
1981年 | 110篇 |
1980年 | 28篇 |
1978年 | 24篇 |
1977年 | 23篇 |
1974年 | 25篇 |
1971年 | 22篇 |
1970年 | 20篇 |
1969年 | 24篇 |
排序方式: 共有7243条查询结果,搜索用时 234 毫秒
71.
Heilbronn L Frankel K Holabird K Zeitlin C McMahan MA Rathbun W Cronqvist M Gong W Madey R Htun M Elaasar M Anderson BD Baldwin AR Jiang J Keane D Scott A Shao Y Watson JW Zhang WM Galonsky A Ronningen R Zecher P Kruse J Wang J Cary R 《Acta Astronautica》1998,42(1-8):363-373
In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations. 相似文献
72.
The detection of substellar companions of nearby stars is very difficult, because these objects are very faint and are located close to their bright parent stars. One way to attack this problem is to look for small periodic motion of the bright star, induced by the gravitational attraction exerted by the unseen small companion. Over the past decade stellar spectroscopy has been used by a few teams to monitor the radial velocities of several samples of stars, with a threshold for detection of companions well below the substellar limit of about 0.08 M. So far, only a few possible spectroscopic binaries have been identified where the unseen companions might be substellar.Recently, radio observers discovered that the millisecond pulsar PSR B1257+12 displays periodic variations in the pulse arrival times, indicating the existence of at least three unseen companions in circular orbits around the pulsar. This is the first convincing case for an extra-solar planetary system. This discovery suggests that planetary systems can form in very different situations, and therefore may prove to be common. 相似文献
73.
In 1996 the NASA Advisory Council asked for a comprehensive look at future launch projections out to the year 2030 and beyond. In response to this request NASA sponsored a study at The Aerospace Corporation to develop long-range space transportation models for future commercial and government applications, and to analyze the design considerations and desired characteristics for future space transportation systems. Follow-ons to present space missions as well as a wide array of potential new space applications are considered in the study. This paper summarizes the space transportation system characteristics required to enable various classes of future missions. High reliability and the ability to achieve high flight rates per vehicle are shown to be key attributes for achieving more economical launch systems. Technical, economic and policy implications are also discussed. 相似文献
74.
The considerable evidence that Mars once had a wetter, more clement, environment motivates the search for past or present life on that planet. This evidence also suggests the possibility of restoring habitable conditions on Mars. While the total amounts of the key molecules--carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen--needed for creating a biosphere on Mars are unknown, estimates suggest that there may be enough in the subsurface. Super greenhouse gases, in particular, perfluorocarbons, are currently the most effective and practical way to warm Mars and thicken its atmosphere so that liquid water is stable on the surface. This process could take approximately 100 years. If enough carbon dioxide is frozen in the South Polar Cap and absorbed in the regolith, the resulting thick and warm carbon dioxide atmosphere could support many types of microorganisms, plants, and invertebrates. If a planet-wide martian biosphere converted carbon dioxide into oxygen with an average efficiency equal to that for Earth's biosphere, it would take > 100,000 years to create Earth-like oxygen levels. Ethical issues associated with bringing life to Mars center on the possibility of indigenous martian life and the relative value of a planet with or without a global biosphere. 相似文献
75.
Boston PJ Spilde MN Northup DE Melim LA Soroka DS Kleina LG Lavoie KH Hose LD Mallory LM Dahm CN Crossey LJ Schelble RT 《Astrobiology》2001,1(1):25-55
Earth's subsurface offers one of the best possible sites to search for microbial life and the characteristic lithologies that life leaves behind. The subterrain may be equally valuable for astrobiology. Where surface conditions are particularly hostile, like on Mars, the subsurface may offer the only habitat for extant lifeforms and access to recognizable biosignatures. We have identified numerous unequivocally biogenic macroscopic, microscopic, and chemical/geochemical cave biosignatures. However, to be especially useful for astrobiology, we are looking for suites of characteristics. Ideally, "biosignature suites" should be both macroscopically and microscopically detectable, independently verifiable by nonmorphological means, and as independent as possible of specific details of life chemistries--demanding (and sometimes conflicting) criteria. Working in fragile, legally protected environments, we developed noninvasive and minimal impact techniques for life and biosignature detection/characterization analogous to Planetary Protection Protocols. Our difficult field conditions have shared limitations common to extraterrestrial robotic and human missions. Thus, the cave/subsurface astrobiology model addresses the most important goals from both scientific and operational points of view. We present details of cave biosignature suites involving manganese and iron oxides, calcite, and sulfur minerals. Suites include morphological fossils, mineral-coated filaments, living microbial mats and preserved biofabrics, 13C and 34S values consistent with microbial metabolism, genetic data, unusual elemental abundances and ratios, and crystallographic mineral forms. 相似文献
76.
飞行器姿态系统变结构控制的研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
对于具有纯延迟、惯性和由开关控制的非线性飞行器姿态系统,本文提出了采用解耦变结构控制的方法。计算机仿真结果表明,本方法行之有效,具有优良的鲁棒性,设计方法简单和易于实现数字控制等优点 相似文献
77.
Moatti JP Dousset N Moatti N Degre M Eche B Gasset G Tixador R 《Acta Astronautica》1995,36(8-12):527-533
The purpose of “Vitamin” experiment is to study the efficiency of protective substances on three biological acellular systems aqueous solutions exposed to cosmic radiation in space. The first system “LDL”is a low density lipoprotein. The second is “E2-TeBG complexe” in which estradiol (E2) is bound to its plasmatic carrier protein, testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG). The third is “pBR 322”, a plasmid. “Vitamin” experiment was accomodated in the Biopan which had been mounted on the outer surface of a Foton retrievable satellite. The experiment was exposed to space environment during 15 days. A stable temperature of about 20 °C was maintained throughout the flight. “Vitamin” experiment preliminary results are presented and discussed. 相似文献
78.
Ap复合固体推进剂稳态燃烧模型综述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对目前国内外典型的且较为成熟的高氯酸铵复合固体推进剂稳态燃烧模型进行了简要的综述,涉及的燃烧模型有:GDF模型、HR模型、BDP模型、临界粒径模型、PEM模型、CIT/JPL模型、两区模型和价电子模型。对上述模型的适用范围、特点和优缺点进行了较为客观的评价。 相似文献
79.
Droppert PM 《Journal of the British Interplanetary Society》1990,43(1):19-24
Exposure of astronauts to microgravity leads to the loss of calcium from weightbearing bones. Prolonged exposure, e.g., during a journey to Mars, may present problems on return to Earth, with increased risk of fractures and premature osteoporosis in later life. The precise mechanisms of calcium loss have yet to be determined although a key feature is the absence of mechanical loading. Countermeasures aimed at reducing calcium loss to acceptable levels include the use of exercise, drugs, dietary modifications and inertia suits such as the Soviet "Penguin" suit. Missions of a number of years may, however, require the development of artificial gravity on a spacecraft. The country that first solves the physiological problems of man in space and, in particular, skeletal calcium loss, will almost certainly be the first to be able to put a man on Mars. 相似文献
80.
The present paper reports a kinetic analysis of changes of some physiological parameters, obtained from international literature, after changes in gravitational environment. The overall phenomenology of the adaptation to weightlessness is characterized by a rapid process followed by a slow one. The two processes show half time values differing by about five times. Also in the case of readaptation to gravity, after recovery on the Earth, two well resolved processes, showing different half time values, are observed. It is of interest to notice that the rate of response to weightlessness is lower than that to gravity. Of course, the half time values observed depend on the different physiological parameters considered. In any case, the experimental data suggest a general trend of many adaptive changes, that may all be described by a simple mathematical model. 相似文献