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311.
Peter Köpke Heinrich Quenzel 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1982,2(5):29-32
Numerical modelling is used to search for the most suitable conditions, with the object of determining the atmospheric turbidity (aerosol optical depth) from upward emerging spectral radiances in cloudfree pixels over water surfaces. The most suitable conditions are those where the influence of the turbidity on the radiance most strongly outweighs that of the other optically acting constituents. Since the actual values of these constituents of atmosphere and surface are usually known only within certain limits, using the most suitable conditions minimizes the uncertainty in the turbidity to be derived from satellite measurements. As a result, favorable zenith angles of the satellite and favorable wavelengths are presented for an atmosphere with maritime aerosols with and without Saharan dust. The results represent an advance on a paper published by the authors in 1981 [1]. 相似文献
312.
The scenario explaining the origin of the anomalous component of cosmic rays (ACR) implies a close relation between these high energy particles and the solar wind termination shock representing their main acceleration region. Consequently, one should expect the ACR distributions in the heliosphere to reflect some information about the structure as well as the large-scale geometry of the shock. We study the influence of a non-spherically symmetric heliospheric shock on the off-ecliptic — i.e. high latitude — ACR distributions using a two-dimensional model including their anisotropic diffusion and drift in the heliospheric magnetic field as well as a solar wind flow dependent on the heliographic latitude. The model calculations are used to investigate the probability of a possible polar elongation of the heliospheric shock from observations of the distributions of the ACR at high latitudes during solar minimum conditions. 相似文献
313.
David H. Rodgers Patricia M. Beauchamp Laurence A. Soderblom Robert H. Brown Gun-Shing Chen Meemong Lee Bill R. Sandel David A. Thomas Robert T. Benoit Roger V. Yelle 《Space Science Reviews》2007,129(4):309-326
MICAS is an integrated multi-channel instrument that includes an ultraviolet imaging spectrometer (80–185 nm), two high-resolution
visible imagers (10–20 μrad/pixel, 400–900 nm), and a short-wavelength infrared imaging spectrometer (1250–2600 nm). The wavelength ranges were chosen
to maximize the science data that could be collected using existing semiconductor technologies and avoiding the need for multi-octave
spectrometers. It was flown on DS1 to validate technologies derived from the development of PICS (Planetary Imaging Camera
Spectrometer). These technologies provided a novel systems approach enabling the miniaturization and integration of four instruments
into one entity, spanning a wavelength range from the UV to IR, and from ambient to cryogenic temperatures with optical performance
at a fraction of a wavelength. The specific technologies incorporated were: a built-in fly-by sequence; lightweight and ultra-stable,
monolithic silicon-carbide construction, which enabled room-temperature alignment for cryogenic (85–140 K) performance, and
provided superb optical performance and immunity to thermal distortion; diffraction-limited, shared optics operating from
80 to 2600 nm; advanced detector technologies for the UV, visible and short-wavelength IR; high-performance thermal radiators
coupled directly to the short-wave infrared (SWIR) detector optical bench, providing an instrument with a mass less than 10
kg, instrument power less than 10 W, and total instrument cost of less than ten million dollars. The design allows the wavelength
range to be extended by at least an octave at the short wavelength end and to ∼50 microns at the long wavelength end. Testing
of the completed instrument demonstrated excellent optical performance down to 77 K, which would enable a greatly reduced
background for longer wavelength detectors. During the Deep Space 1 Mission, MICAS successfully collected images and spectra
for asteroid 9969 Braille, Mars, and comet 19/P Borrelly. The Borrelly encounter was a scientific hallmark providing the first
clear, high resolution images and excellent, short-wavelength infrared spectra of the surface of an active comet’s nucleus. 相似文献
314.
José F. Valdés-Galicia 《Space Science Reviews》1993,62(1-2):67-93
It is the purpose of this review to summarize and discuss recent research done in the field of particle propagation in the heliosphere. Several lines of approach have been followed to treat this problem. As a starting point the different forms of the transport equation are discussed. Quasi-Linear Theory (QLT) relates the power contained in fluctuations of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) to the transport coefficients of energetic particles, an outline of the basic results of this theory is presented followed by a discussion of subsequent corrections made to the original formulation with an emphasis in recent developments where the effects of wave polarization, its propagation respect to the solar wind and the dissipation of power at large frequencies have been taken into account. The numerical approach using test particle trajectory integrations to obtain transport coefficients based on in situ satellite measureents is also discussed. It is well known that the determination of the particles mean free path for solar particle events by alternative methods leads to conflicting results, corrections made to original QLT are attempts to bridge the gap. Determination of the transport parameters from different lines of approach in a comparative basis have been done recently by calculating power spectra of IMF measured at the time solar particles were detected on the same spaceprobe, and performing numerical simulations with equivalent IMF data. Some of the results of such studies point to the solution of the conflicting determinations of the mean free path which has existed for nearly 30 years. An assesment of the present situation in this respect is given. Numerical determinations of transport parameters in the outer heliosphere are also reviewed and its consequences for solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays discussed. Space Science Reviews 62: Printed in Belgium. 相似文献
315.
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318.
Philippe L. Lamy Imre Toth Björn J. R. Davidsson Olivier Groussin Pedro Gutiérrez Laurent Jorda Mikko Kaasalainen Stephen C. Lowry 《Space Science Reviews》2007,128(1-4):23-66
In 2003, comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko was selected as the new target of the Rosetta mission as the most suitable alternative
to the original target, comet 46P/Wirtanen, on the basis of orbital considerations even though very little was known about
the physical properties of its nucleus. In a matter of a few years and based on highly focused observational campaigns as
well as thorough theoretical investigations, a detailed portrait of this nucleus has been established that will serve as a
baseline for planning the Rosetta operations and observations. In this review article, we present a novel method to determine
the size and shape of a cometary nucleus: several visible light curves were inverted to produce a size–scale free three–dimensional
shape, the size scaling being imposed by a thermal light curve. The procedure converges to two solutions which are only marginally
different. The nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko emerges as an irregular body with an effective radius (that of the
sphere having the same volume) = 1.72 km and moderate axial ratios a/b = 1.26 and a/c = 1.5 to 1.6. The overall dimensions
measured along the principal axis for the two solutions are 4.49–4.75 km, 3.54–3.77 km and 2.94–2.92 km. The nucleus is found
to be in principal axis rotation with a period = 12.4–12.7 h. Merging all observational constraints allow us to specify two
regions for the direction of the rotational axis of the nucleus: RA = 220°+50°
−30° and Dec = −70° ± 10° (retrograde rotation) or RA = 40°+50°
-30° and Dec = +70°± 10° (prograde), the better convergence of the various determinations presently favoring the first solution. The phase function,
although constrained by only two data points, exhibits a strong opposition effect rather similar to that of comet 9P/Tempel
1. The definition of the disk–integrated albedo of an irregular body having a strong opposition effect raises problems, and
the various alternatives led to a R-band geometric albedo in the range 0.045–0.060, consistent with our present knowledge of cometary nuclei. The active fraction
is low, not exceeding ~ 7% at perihelion, and is probably limited to one or two active regions subjected to a strong seasonal
effect, a picture coherent with the asymmetric behaviour of the coma. Our slightly downward revision of the size of the nucleus
of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko resulting from the present analysis (with the correlative increase of the albedo compared
to the originally assumed value of 0.04), and our best estimate of the bulk density of 370 kg m−3, lead to a mass of ~ 8 × 1012 kg which should ease the landing of Philae and insure the overall success of the Rosetta mission. 相似文献
319.
The need for a correct quantitative treatment of the interactions between cosmic rays and turbulent magnetic fields continues
to be one of the fundamental problems of modern astrophysics. It is the aim of this paper to review new developments in the
understanding of mechanisms involved in the scattering of charged particles by magnetic field fluctuations. Special emphasis
is given to a comparison of transport parameters determined from the modeling of spacecraft and neutron monitor observation
of solar particle events, with theoretical predictions derived from a spectral analysis of simultaneously measured fluctuation
spectra. It appears that the traditional quasi-linear theory of particle scattering requires only a slight modification, and
the major problem still is our lack of knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the magnetic turbulence. Possibilities
to better reconcile the theory with observations by properly taking into account the microphysics of wave and turbulence aspects
of the fluctuations, and to use energetic particles as probes to study certain properties of the magnetic turbulence, are
discussed.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
320.
Szegö Károly Glassmeier Karl-Heinz Bingham Robert Bogdanov Alexander Fischer Christian Haerendel Gerhard Brinca Armando Cravens Tom Dubinin Eduard Sauer Konrad Fisk Len Gombosi Tamas Schwadron Nathan Isenberg Phil Lee Martin Mazelle Christian Möbius Eberhard Motschmann Uwe Shapiro Vitali D. Tsurutani Bruce Zank Gary 《Space Science Reviews》2000,94(3-4):429-671