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931.
Following our previously proposed technique, we have used the recent -ray observations of Mkr421 to place theoretically significant constraints on the magnitude of the intergalactic infrared radiation field (IIRF). Our 2 upper limits are consistent with normal IR production by stars and dust in galaxies. They rule out exotic mechanisms proposed to produce a larger IIRF. Although they are still subject to revision and are unconfirmed, the data on the spectrum of Mkr421 hint at a possible absorption cutoff which could be produced by an IIRF of the magnitude expected from stellar emission and reprocessing in galaxies. Using models for the low energy intergalactic photon spectrum from microwave to ultraviolet energies, we calculate the opacity of intergalactic space to -rays as a function of energy and redshift. These calculations indicate that the GeV -ray burst recently observed by the CGRO EGRET detector originates at a redshift less than 1.5. 相似文献
932.
M. A. Barstow F. Wesemael J. B. Holberg K. Werner D. A. H. Buckley R. S. Stobie G. Fontaine S. R. Rosen S. Demers R. Lamontagne M. J. Irwin P. Bergeron S. O. Kepler S. Vennes 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1993,13(12):281-285
We report the discovery of two hot white dwarfs which have the lowest line-of-sight neutral hydrogen column densities yet measured. The stars were found independently by the ROSAT EUV, Montreal-Cambridge-Tololo, and Edinburgh-Cape surveys. Follow-up observations made using the Voyager 2 ultraviolet spectrometer reveal strong continua shortward of the 912Å Lyman limit from which we deduce that the neutral hydrogen column densities are 1.3 × 1017 and 2.0 × 1017 atoms cm−2. 相似文献
933.
介绍了人的可靠性评估的发展,进而提出了雷神雷达系统和欧洲猫雷达系统两种空管自动化系统下的管制员可靠性研究方法和数据采集的形式,通过对采集样本数据的分析,计算出管制员从雷神雷达系统过渡到欧洲猫雷达系统可靠性的评估结果,进一步指出提高管制员可靠性的改进措施. 相似文献
934.
Gordon Chin Scott Brylow Marc Foote James Garvin Justin Kasper John Keller Maxim Litvak Igor Mitrofanov David Paige Keith Raney Mark Robinson Anton Sanin David Smith Harlan Spence Paul Spudis S. Alan Stern Maria Zuber 《Space Science Reviews》2007,129(4):391-419
NASA’s Lunar Precursor Robotic Program (LPRP), formulated in response to the President’s Vision for Space Exploration, will
execute a series of robotic missions that will pave the way for eventual permanent human presence on the Moon. The Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter (LRO) is first in this series of LPRP missions, and plans to launch in October of 2008 for at least one year of operation.
LRO will employ six individual instruments to produce accurate maps and high-resolution images of future landing sites, to
assess potential lunar resources, and to characterize the radiation environment. LRO will also test the feasibility of one
advanced technology demonstration package. The LRO payload includes: Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) which will determine
the global topography of the lunar surface at high resolution, measure landing site slopes, surface roughness, and search
for possible polar surface ice in shadowed regions, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) which will acquire targeted
narrow angle images of the lunar surface capable of resolving meter-scale features to support landing site selection, as well
as wide-angle images to characterize polar illumination conditions and to identify potential resources, Lunar Exploration
Neutron Detector (LEND) which will map the flux of neutrons from the lunar surface to search for evidence of water ice, and
will provide space radiation environment measurements that may be useful for future human exploration, Diviner Lunar Radiometer
Experiment (DLRE) which will chart the temperature of the entire lunar surface at approximately 300 meter horizontal resolution
to identify cold-traps and potential ice deposits, Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) which will map the entire lunar surface
in the far ultraviolet. LAMP will search for surface ice and frost in the polar regions and provide images of permanently
shadowed regions illuminated only by starlight. Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER), which will investigate
the effect of galactic cosmic rays on tissue-equivalent plastics as a constraint on models of biological response to background
space radiation. The technology demonstration is an advanced radar (mini-RF) that will demonstrate X- and S-band radar imaging
and interferometry using light weight synthetic aperture radar. This paper will give an introduction to each of these instruments
and an overview of their objectives. 相似文献
935.
A mathematical model of the dispersed-film two-phase flow with phase slip in the vertical cylindrical channel is described. 相似文献
936.
Donald L. Hampton James W. Baer Martin A. Huisjen Chris C. Varner Alan Delamere Dennis D. Wellnitz Michael F. A’Hearn Kenneth P. Klaasen 《Space Science Reviews》2005,117(1-2):43-93
A suite of three optical instruments has been developed to observe Comet 9P/Tempel 1, the impact of a dedicated impactor spacecraft,
and the resulting crater formation for the Deep Impact mission. The high-resolution instrument (HRI) consists of an f/35 telescope with 10.5 m focal length, and a combined filtered CCD camera and IR spectrometer. The medium-resolution instrument
(MRI) consists of an f/17.5 telescope with a 2.1 m focal length feeding a filtered CCD camera. The HRI and MRI are mounted on an instrument platform
on the flyby spacecraft, along with the spacecraft star trackers and inertial reference unit. The third instrument is a simple
unfiltered CCD camera with the same telescope as MRI, mounted within the impactor spacecraft. All three instruments use a
Fairchild split-frame-transfer CCD with 1,024× 1,024 active pixels. The IR spectrometer is a two-prism (CaF2 and ZnSe) imaging spectrometer imaged on a Rockwell HAWAII-1R HgCdTe MWIR array. The CCDs and IR FPA are read out and digitized
to 14 bits by a set of dedicated instrument electronics, one set per instrument. Each electronics box is controlled by a radiation-hard
TSC695F microprocessor. Software running on the microprocessor executes imaging commands from a sequence engine on the spacecraft.
Commands and telemetry are transmitted via a MIL-STD-1553 interface, while image data are transmitted to the spacecraft via a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) interface standard. The instruments are used as the science instruments and are
used for the optical navigation of both spacecraft. This paper presents an overview of the instrument suite designs, functionality,
calibration and operational considerations. 相似文献
937.
M. M. Ganiev 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2007,50(4):455-458
In this paper, the results of ultrasonic treatment (UST) influence upon the properties of epoxy compositions used in production of composite polymeric materials are presented. Also shown is the fact that the ultrasonic treatment makes it possible to improve significantly the physicomechanical properties of polymeric materials. 相似文献
938.
O Iversen T-HRasmussen F Gmünder C Baggerud E L Kordyum V V Lozovaya M Tairbekov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(1):123-131
An experiment using plant protoplasts has been accepted for the IML-1 Space Shuttle mission scheduled for 1991. Preparatory experiments have been performed using both fast and slow rotating clinostats and in orbit to study the effect of simulated and real weightlessness on protoplast regeneration. Late access to the space vehicles before launch has required special attention since it is important to delay cell wall regeneration until the samples are in orbit. On a flight on Biokosmos 9 ("Kosmos-2044") in September 1989 some preliminary results were obtained. Compared to the ground control, the growth of both carrot and rapeseed protoplasts was decreased by 18% and 44% respectively, after 14 days in orbit. The results also indicated that there is less cell wall regeneration under micro-g conditions. Compared to the ground controls the production of cellulose in rapeseed and carrot flight samples was only 46% and 29% respectively. The production of hemicellulose in the flight samples was 63% and 67% respectively of that of the ground controls. In both cases all samples reached the stage of callus development. The peroxidase activity was also found to be lower in the flight samples than in the ground controls, and the number of different isoenzymes was decreased in the flight samples. In general, the regeneration processes were retarded in the flight samples with respect to the ground controls. From a simulation experiment for IML-1 performed in January 1990 at ESTEC, Holland, regenerated plants have been obtained. These results are discussed and compared to the results obtained on Biokosmos 9. Protoplast regeneration did not develop beyond the callus stage in either the flight or the ground control samples from the Biokosmos 9 experiment. 相似文献
939.
R.L.C. Starling E.M. Puchnarewicz E. Romero-Colmenero K.O. Mason 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2004,34(12):2588-2593
We present a series of monitoring observations of the ultrasoft broad-line Seyfert galaxy RE J2248-511 with XMM-Newton. Previous X-ray observations showed a transition from a very soft state to a harder state five years later. We find that the ultrasoft X-ray excess has re-emerged, yet there is no change in the hard power-law. Reflection models with a reflection fraction of 15, and Comptonisation models with two components of different temperatures and optical depths (kT1 = 83 keV, T1 = 30 eV, τ1 = 0.8; KT2 = 3.5 keV, T2 = 60 eV, τ2 = 2.8) can be fit to the spectrum, but cannot be constrained. The best representation of the spectrum is a model consisting of two blackbodies (kT1 = 0.09 ± 0.01 keV, kT2 = 0.21 ± 0.03 keV) plus a power-law (Γ = 1.8 ± 0.08). We also present simultaneous optical and infrared data showing that the optical spectral slope also changes dramatically on timescales of years. If the optical to X-ray flux comes primarily from a Comptonised accretion disk we obtain estimates for the black hole mass , accretion rate and inclination cos(i) 0.8 of the disk. 相似文献
940.
G S Nechitailo A L Mashinsky A A Kuznetsov V M Chikov O A Kuznetsov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2001,28(4):639-643
Experiments on the spatial behavior of the flax (Linum usitatissimum, L.) seedlings in a nonuniform magnetic field were conducted on the orbital space stations "Salut" and "Mir". This field can displace sensory organelles (statoliths) inside receptor cells and such displacement should cause a physiological reaction of the plant-tropistic curvature. Experiments were conducted in the custom-built "Magnetogravistat" facility, where seeds were germinated and grown for 3-4 days in a magnetic field with the dynamic factor grad (H2/2) approximately equal to 10(7) Oe2/cm, then fixed on orbit and returned to Earth for analysis. It was found, that 93% of the seedlings were oriented in the field consistently with curvature in response to displacement of statoliths along the field gradient by ponderomotive magnetic forces, while control seedlings grew in the direction of the initial orientation of the seed. This suggests, that gravity receptors of plants recognized magnetic forces on statoliths as gravity, and that gravity stimulus can be substituted for plants by a force of a different physical nature. 相似文献