面对低成本竞争者的对策——得自美国空运业发展的启示

在一个又一个行业中，传统的市场领先者正受到低成本竞争者的冲击。举例来说，皮特-斯塔弗公司     

遥测的过去现在和将来

本文回顾了二十年前的遥测技术,与目前的技术作了比较,并对将来的遥测作出了推测。评述的内容包括:遥测系统的特性、设备的单元价格、遥测在过去、目前的应用情况以及未来可能获得的应用。本文中关键的字眼是“选择”。二十年前,用户在设备和技术方面都没有什么选择的余地,但现在的技术提供了一个广泛的选择范围;有迹象表明,今后在性能、价格以及遥测作为数据采集和处理手段方面会有更广泛的选择。     

Vestibular function in the space environment

Adaptation to the weightless state and readaptation after space flight to the 1-G environment on the ground are accompanied by various transitory symptoms of vestibular instability, kinetosis, and illusory sensations. Aside from the problem of how to treat and if possible prevent such symptoms, they offer a clue to a better understanding of normal vestibular functions. Weightlessness is a powerful new "tool" of vestibular research. Graybiel reported as early as 1952 that human subjects observed the illusion that a real target and the visual afterimage seemed to raise in the visual field during centrifugation when the subjects were looking toward the axis of rotation (oculogravic illusion). In aircraft parabolic-flight weightlessness, human subjects observed that fixed real targets appeared to have moved downward while visual afterimages appeared to have moved upward (oculoagravic illusion). It can be shown by electronystagmography as well as by a method employing double afterimages that part of this illusion is caused by eye movements that are triggered by the changing input from the otolith system. Another part of the illusion is based on a change of the subjective horizontal and must be caused by convergence of vestibular and visual impulses "behind" the eyes. This part was measured independently of the first one by using a new method. Eye movements could be prevented during these experiments by optical fixation with the right eye on a target at the end of a 24-in. long tube which was rigidly attached parallel to the longitudinal axis of an aircraft. At the same time the subject tried to line up a shorter tube, which was pivoting around his left eye, with the subjective horizon.     

The PROCESS experiment: an astrochemistry laboratory for solid and gaseous organic samples in low-earth orbit

The PROCESS (PRebiotic Organic ChEmistry on the Space Station) experiment was part of the EXPOSE-E payload outside the European Columbus module of the International Space Station from February 2008 to August 2009. During this interval, organic samples were exposed to space conditions to simulate their evolution in various astrophysical environments. The samples used represent organic species related to the evolution of organic matter on the small bodies of the Solar System (carbonaceous asteroids and comets), the photolysis of methane in the atmosphere of Titan, and the search for organic matter at the surface of Mars. This paper describes the hardware developed for this experiment as well as the results for the glycine solid-phase samples and the gas-phase samples that were used with regard to the atmosphere of Titan. Lessons learned from this experiment are also presented for future low-Earth orbit astrochemistry investigations.     

Is the presence of oxygen on an exoplanet a reliable biosignature?

We revisit the validity of the presence of O(2) or O(3) in the atmosphere of a rocky planet as being a biosignature. Up to now, the false positive that has been identified applies to a planet during a hot greenhouse runaway, which is restricted to planets outside the habitable zone (HZ) of the star that are closer to the star. In this paper, we explore a new possibility based on abiotic photogeneration of O(2) at the surface of a planet that could occur inside the HZ. The search for such a process is an active field of laboratory investigation that has resulted from an ongoing interest in finding efficient systems with the capacity to harvest solar energy on Earth. Although such a process is energetically viable, we find it to be a very unlikely explanation for the observation of O(2) or O(3) in the atmosphere of a telluric exoplanet in the HZ. It requires an efficient photocatalyst to be present and abundant under natural planetary conditions, which appears unlikely according to our discussion of known mineral photochemical processes. In contrast, a biological system that synthesizes its constituents from abundant raw materials and energy has the inherent adaptation advantage to become widespread and dominant (Darwinist argument). Thus, O(2) appears to continue to be a good biosignature.     

硅微加速度计系统设计技术

本文探讨了硅微加速度计的系统设计方法,采用专用MEMS设计软件建立了“三明治”式硅微加速度计自顶向下的系统模型,该模型对于硅微加速度计的系统设计和优化具有指导意义。通过优化改进设计,目前硅微加速度计零位重复性已达到2×10-4g（3个月,1σ）,正在开展探月二期工程的应用研究。     

Some ecological mechanisms to generate habitability in planetary subsurface areas by chemolithotrophic communities: the Río Tinto subsurface ecosystem as a model system

Chemolithotrophic communities that colonize subsurface habitats have great relevance for the astrobiological exploration of our Solar System. We hypothesize that the chemical and thermal stabilization of an environment through microbial activity could make a given planetary region habitable. The MARTE project ground-truth drilling campaigns that sampled cryptic subsurface microbial communities in the basement of the Río Tinto headwaters have shown that acidic surficial habitats are the result of the microbial oxidation of pyritic ores. The oxidation process is exothermic and releases heat under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These microbial communities can maintain the subsurface habitat temperature through storage heat if the subsurface temperature does not exceed their maximum growth temperature. In the acidic solutions of the Río Tinto, ferric iron acts as an effective buffer for controlling water pH. Under anaerobic conditions, ferric iron is the oxidant used by microbes to decompose pyrite through the production of sulfate, ferrous iron, and protons. The integration between the physical and chemical processes mediated by microorganisms with those driven by the local geology and hydrology have led us to hypothesize that thermal and chemical regulation mechanisms exist in this environment and that these homeostatic mechanisms could play an essential role in creating habitable areas for other types of microorganisms. Therefore, searching for the physicochemical expression of extinct and extant homeostatic mechanisms through physical and chemical anomalies in the Mars crust (i.e., local thermal gradient or high concentration of unusual products such as ferric sulfates precipitated out from acidic solutions produced by hypothetical microbial communities) could be a first step in the search for biological traces of a putative extant or extinct Mars biosphere.     

测定弹体相对于固定或运动目标脱靶距离的装置

测定弹体相对于固定或运动目标脱靶距离的装置,包括若干个压力传感器(至少能在四个点上感测由弹体产生的压力波),以及由压力波产生相应电信号的器件。该装置还可包括计算到波源点(按压力波的特征也叫冲击产生点)距离的计算机电路。这个距离在以前已熟悉的测量装置中叫“脱靶距离”,但根据这项发明,脱靶距离定义为弹和靶之问的最短距离。本发明一个目的就是确定这个距离,以及弹体在该脱靶时刻的确切位置。在本发明的装置中,用布置在多面体顶角上的至少四个压力传感器来计算弹道的方向。测量压力波经过传感系统中压力传感器的时间差,由这些时间差以及测得的到冲击产生点的距离,就能给出该点在压力传感系统座标系的确切位置。该装置还有第二个压力传感系统,该系统可测出第一个压力传感系统相对于水平面的高度,或者感测后一瞬间压力波的经过。由这些数据计算机电路可以给出弹道的方向,加上冲击发生点就能给出所需的弹道。对于射击固定目标,计算机电路给出弹道上的第二个点,加上冲击发生点就能得到弹道本身。     

用跟踪卫星的方法对陆上脉冲雷达进行自校准

本文介绍东靶场所用的雷达校准方法——只需用单台雷达本身对两次连续通过的卫星进行被动跟踪,结合理论运动方程、已知的物理常数和有关的计算机程序便可,而不需要别的跟踪数据和外部计算的星历表。在例行校准中,零位偏倚和不水平度的估计精度可达6米(距离)和0.03毫弧度(角度)。在良好的条件下,可按同样的精度测定另外5个雷达误差模型系数。文中介绍了东靶场雷达的现有精度。     

硅微陀螺平板结构的压膜阻尼研究

压膜阻尼对硅微陀螺的精度具有重要影响。平板结构是硅微陀螺中一种典型结构,本文通过对雷诺方程的推导,得出平板在正弦规律小振幅刚性运动时的阻尼力解析式,并给出低频时阻尼系数的近似算法。利用Matlab和CoventorWare软件对运动平板的阻尼进行仿真计算,得出运动平板的阻尼系数和刚度系数,并分析平板参数对阻尼系数及刚度系数的影响。建立不同类型的带孔平板模型,通过比较可以看出,当阻尼孔按一定方式排列时,可以降低结构的阻尼。