排序方式: 共有180条查询结果,搜索用时 125 毫秒
151.
Paul G. Steffes Thomas R. Hanley Bryan M. Karpowicz Kiruthika Devaraj Sahand Noorizadeh Danny Duong Garrett Chinsomboon Amadeo Bellotti Michael A. Janssen Scott J. Bolton 《Space Science Reviews》2017,213(1-4):187-204
The NASA Juno mission includes a six-channel microwave radiometer system (MWR) operating in the 1.3–50 cm wavelength range in order to retrieve abundances of ammonia and water vapor from the microwave signature of Jupiter (see Janssen et al. 2016). In order to plan observations and accurately interpret data from such observations, over 6000 laboratory measurements of the microwave absorption properties of gaseous ammonia, water vapor, and aqueous ammonia solution have been conducted under simulated Jovian conditions using new laboratory systems capable of high-precision measurement under the extreme conditions of the deep atmosphere of Jupiter (up to 100 bars pressure and 505 K temperature). This is one of the most extensive laboratory measurement campaigns ever conducted in support of a microwave remote sensing instrument. New, more precise models for the microwave absorption from these constituents have and are being developed from these measurements. Application of these absorption properties to radiative transfer models for the six wavelengths involved will provide a valuable planning tool for observations, and will also make possible accurate retrievals of the abundance of these constituents during and after observations are conducted. 相似文献
152.
Nathaniel E. Putzig Gareth A. Morgan Bruce A. Campbell Cyril Grima Isaac B. Smith Roger J. Phillips Matthew P. Golombek 《Space Science Reviews》2017,211(1-4):135-146
We carried out an assessment of surface and subsurface properties based on radar observations of the region in western Elysium Planitia selected as the landing site for the InSight mission. Using observations from Arecibo Observatory and from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s Shallow Radar (SHARAD), we examined the near-surface properties of the landing site, including characterization of reflectivity, near-surface roughness, and layering. In the Arecibo data (12.6-cm wavelength), we found a radar-reflective surface with no unusual properties that would cause problems for the InSight radar altimeter (7-cm wavelength). In addition, the moderately low backscatter strength is indicative of a relatively smooth surface at \({\sim} 10\mbox{-cm}\) scales that is composed of load-bearing materials and should not present a hazard for landing safety. For roughness at 10–100 m scales derived from SHARAD data, we find relatively low values in a narrow distribution, similar to those found at the Phoenix and Opportunity landing sites. The power of returns at InSight is similar to that at Phoenix and thus suggestive of near-surface layering, consistent with a layer of regolith over bedrock (e.g., lava flows) that is largely too shallow (\({<}10\mbox{--}20~\mbox{m}\)) for SHARAD to discern distinct reflectors. However, an isolated area outside of the ellipse chosen in 2015 for InSight’s landing shows faint returns that may represent such a contact at depths of \({\sim} 20\mbox{--}43~\mbox{m}\). 相似文献
153.
Lucile Fayon Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun Philippe Lognonné Marco Bierwirth Aron Kramer Pierre Delage Foivos Karakostas Sharon Kedar Naomi Murdoch Raphael F. Garcia Nicolas Verdier Sylvain Tillier William T. Pike Ken Hurst Cédric Schmelzbach William B. Banerdt 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(8):119
Both sensors of the SEIS instrument (VBBs and SPs) are mounted on the mechanical leveling system (LVL), which has to ensure a level placement on the Martian ground under currently unknown local conditions, and provide the mechanical coupling of the seismometers to the ground. We developed a simplified analytical model of the LVL structure in order to reproduce its mechanical behavior by predicting its resonances and transfer function. This model is implemented numerically and allows to estimate the effects of the LVL on the data recorded by the VBBs and SPs on Mars. The model is validated through comparison with the horizontal resonances (between 35 and 50 Hz) observed in laboratory measurements. These modes prove to be highly dependent of the ground horizontal stiffness and torque. For this reason, an inversion study is performed and the results are compared with some experimental measurements of the LVL feet’s penetration in a martian regolith analog. This comparison shows that the analytical model can be used to estimate the elastic ground properties of the InSight landing site. Another application consists in modeling the 6 sensors on the LVL at their real positions, also considering their sensitivity axes, to study the performances of the global SEIS instrument in translation and rotation. It is found that the high frequency ground rotation can be measured by SEIS and, when compared to the ground acceleration, can provide ways to estimate the phase velocity of the seismic surface waves at shallow depths. Finally, synthetic data from the active seismic experiment made during the HP3 penetration and SEIS rotation noise are compared and used for an inversion of the Rayleigh phase velocity. This confirms the perspectives for rotational seismology with SEIS which will be developed with the SEIS data acquired during the commissioning phase after landing. 相似文献
154.
Peter R. Young Hui Tian Hardi Peter Robert J. Rutten Chris J. Nelson Zhenghua Huang Brigitte Schmieder Gregal J. M. Vissers Shin Toriumi Luc H. M. Rouppe van der Voort Maria S. Madjarska Sanja Danilovic Arkadiusz Berlicki L. P. Chitta Mark C. M. Cheung Chad Madsen Kevin P. Reardon Yukio Katsukawa Petr Heinzel 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(8):120
The term “ultraviolet (UV) burst” is introduced to describe small, intense, transient brightenings in ultraviolet images of solar active regions. We inventorize their properties and provide a definition based on image sequences in transition-region lines. Coronal signatures are rare, and most bursts are associated with small-scale, canceling opposite-polarity fields in the photosphere that occur in emerging flux regions, moving magnetic features in sunspot moats, and sunspot light bridges. We also compare UV bursts with similar transition-region phenomena found previously in solar ultraviolet spectrometry and with similar phenomena at optical wavelengths, in particular Ellerman bombs. Akin to the latter, UV bursts are probably small-scale magnetic reconnection events occurring in the low atmosphere, at photospheric and/or chromospheric heights. Their intense emission in lines with optically thin formation gives unique diagnostic opportunities for studying the physics of magnetic reconnection in the low solar atmosphere. This paper is a review report from an International Space Science Institute team that met in 2016–2017. 相似文献
155.
Paul Morgan Matthias Grott Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun Matt Golombek Pierre Delage Philippe Lognonné Sylvain Piqueux Ingrid Daubar Naomi Murdoch Constantinos Charalambous William T. Pike Nils Müller Axel Hagermann Matt Siegler Roy Lichtenheldt Nick Teanby Sharon Kedar 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(6):104
This article discusses relevant physical properties of the regolith at the Mars InSight landing site as understood prior to landing of the spacecraft. InSight will land in the northern lowland plains of Mars, close to the equator, where the regolith is estimated to be \(\geq3\mbox{--}5~\mbox{m}\) thick. These investigations of physical properties have relied on data collected from Mars orbital measurements, previously collected lander and rover data, results of studies of data and samples from Apollo lunar missions, laboratory measurements on regolith simulants, and theoretical studies. The investigations include changes in properties with depth and temperature. Mechanical properties investigated include density, grain-size distribution, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. Thermophysical properties include thermal inertia, surface emissivity and albedo, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, and specific heat. Regolith elastic properties not only include parameters that control seismic wave velocities in the immediate vicinity of the Insight lander but also coupling of the lander and other potential noise sources to the InSight broadband seismometer. The related properties include Poisson’s ratio, P- and S-wave velocities, Young’s modulus, and seismic attenuation. Finally, mass diffusivity was investigated to estimate gas movements in the regolith driven by atmospheric pressure changes. Physical properties presented here are all to some degree speculative. However, they form a basis for interpretation of the early data to be returned from the InSight mission. 相似文献
156.
Sharon Kedar Jose Andrade Bruce Banerdt Pierre Delage Matt Golombek Matthias Grott Troy Hudson Aaron Kiely Martin Knapmeyer Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun Christian Krause Taichi Kawamura Philippe Lognonne Tom Pike Youyi Ruan Tilman Spohn Nick Teanby Jeroen Tromp James Wookey 《Space Science Reviews》2017,211(1-4):315-337
InSight’s Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) provides a unique and unprecedented opportunity to conduct the first geotechnical survey of the Martian soil by taking advantage of the repeated seismic signals that will be generated by the mole of the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3). Knowledge of the elastic properties of the Martian regolith have implications to material strength and can constrain models of water content, and provide context to geological processes and history that have acted on the landing site in western Elysium Planitia. Moreover, it will help to reduce travel-time errors introduced into the analysis of seismic data due to poor knowledge of the shallow subsurface. The challenge faced by the InSight team is to overcome the limited temporal resolution of the sharp hammer signals, which have significantly higher frequency content than the SEIS 100 Hz sampling rate. Fortunately, since the mole propagates at a rate of \(\sim1~\mbox{mm}\) per stroke down to 5 m depth, we anticipate thousands of seismic signals, which will vary very gradually as the mole travels.Using a combination of field measurements and modeling we simulate a seismic data set that mimics the InSight HP3-SEIS scenario, and the resolution of the InSight seismometer data. We demonstrate that the direct signal, and more importantly an anticipated reflected signal from the interface between the bottom of the regolith layer and an underlying lava flow, are likely to be observed both by Insight’s Very Broad Band (VBB) seismometer and Short Period (SP) seismometer. We have outlined several strategies to increase the signal temporal resolution using the multitude of hammer stroke and internal timing information to stack and interpolate multiple signals, and demonstrated that in spite of the low resolution, the key parameters—seismic velocities and regolith depth—can be retrieved with a high degree of confidence. 相似文献
157.
Mihail P. Petkov Steven M. Jones Gerald E. Voecks Kenneth J. Hurst Olivier Grosjean Delphine Faye Guillaume Rioland Cecily M. Sunday Emma M. Bradford William N. Warner Jerami M. Mennella Ned W. Ferraro Manuel Gallegos David M. Soules Philippe Lognonné W. Bruce Banerdt Jeffrey W. Umland 《Space Science Reviews》2018,214(8):112
We report on the development of a passive sorption pump, capable of maintaining high-vacuum conditions in the InSight seismometer throughout the duration of any extended mission. The adsorber material is a novel zeolite-loaded aerogel (ZLA) composite, which consists of fine zeolite particles homogeneously dispersed throughout a porous silica network. The outgassing species within the SEIS evacuated container were analyzed and the outgassing rate was estimated by different methods. The results were used to optimize the ZLA composition to adsorb the outgassing constituents, dominated by water, while minimizing the SEIS bakeout constraints. The InSight ZLA composite additionally facilitated substantial CO2 adsorption capabilities for risk mitigation against external leaks in Mars atmosphere. To comply with the stringent particle requirements, the ZLA getters were packaged in sealed containers, open to the SEIS interior through \(1~\upmu\mbox{m}\)-size pore filters. Results from experimental validation and verification tests of the packaged getters are presented. The pressure forecast based on these data, corroborated by rudimentary in situ pressure measurements, infer SEIS operational pressures not exceeding \(10^{-5}~\mbox{mbar}\) throughout the mission. 相似文献
158.
In this paper, we discuss the main ways of improving the aircraft aerodynamics. The results of a physical experiment are presented that is aimed to verify the theoretical results obtained earlier on the possible improvement in a seaplane wing model lift-to-drag ratio, by using a deflectable triangular extension along the wing leading edge near the wingtip. We confirm the slight effectiveness of using the wingtip leading edge triangular extensions on the nature of flow around the wing. 相似文献
159.
Alberto Adriani Gianrico Filacchione Tatiana Di Iorio Diego Turrini Raffaella Noschese Andrea Cicchetti Davide Grassi Alessandro Mura Giuseppe Sindoni Massimo Zambelli Giuseppe Piccioni Maria T. Capria Federico Tosi Roberto Orosei Bianca M. Dinelli Maria L. Moriconi Elio Roncon Jonathan I. Lunine Heidi N. Becker Alessadro Bini Alessandra Barbis Luciano Calamai Claudio Pasqui Stefano Nencioni Maurizio Rossi Marco Lastri Roberto Formaro Angelo Olivieri 《Space Science Reviews》2017,213(1-4):393-446
JIRAM is an imager/spectrometer on board the Juno spacecraft bound for a polar orbit around Jupiter. JIRAM is composed of IR imager and spectrometer channels. Its scientific goals are to explore the Jovian aurorae and the planet’s atmospheric structure, dynamics and composition. This paper explains the characteristics and functionalities of the instrument and reports on the results of ground calibrations. It discusses the main subsystems to the extent needed to understand how the instrument is sequenced and used, the purpose of the calibrations necessary to determine instrument performance, the process for generating the commanding sequences, the main elements of the observational strategy, and the format of the scientific data that JIRAM will produce. 相似文献
160.
Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun Matthew P. Golombek Matthias Ohrnberger 《Space Science Reviews》2017,211(1-4):339-382
The SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) instrument onboard the InSight mission will be the first seismometer directly deployed on the surface of Mars. From studies on the Earth and the Moon, it is well known that site amplification in low-velocity sediments on top of more competent rocks has a strong influence on seismic signals, but can also be used to constrain the subsurface structure. Here we simulate ambient vibration wavefields in a model of the shallow sub-surface at the InSight landing site in Elysium Planitia and demonstrate how the high-frequency Rayleigh wave ellipticity can be extracted from these data and inverted for shallow structure. We find that, depending on model parameters, higher mode ellipticity information can be extracted from single-station data, which significantly reduces uncertainties in inversion. Though the data are most sensitive to properties of the upper-most layer and show a strong trade-off between layer depth and velocity, it is possible to estimate the velocity and thickness of the sub-regolith layer by using reasonable constraints on regolith properties. Model parameters are best constrained if either higher mode data can be used or additional constraints on regolith properties from seismic analysis of the hammer strokes of InSight’s heat flow probe HP3 are available. In addition, the Rayleigh wave ellipticity can distinguish between models with a constant regolith velocity and models with a velocity increase in the regolith, information which is difficult to obtain otherwise. 相似文献