Substorm timings and timescales: A new aspect

The magnetospheric substorm is a fundamental element of magnetospheric disturbances. After more than 40 years of intensive studies, various aspects of substorm morphology have been qualitatively established. Observations from the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) mission during the last decade have provided more detailed and complete pictures of substorms than before and, consequently, have provided new insights into substorm mechanisms. From the global auroral imaging it is shown that substorm onsets are locally confined; however, the effects of substorms involve a very large space at different times. Observations relying on in situ techniques can be misleading and can introduce confusion if not properly interpreted. On the other hand, remote sensing techniques such as global auroral imaging not only provide a robust means for studying substorm phenomenology but also yield relatively consistent results. This article reviews and summarizes a number of substorm studies conducted based primarily on global auroral images from NASA's Polar satellite, with a main focus on “quantitative” substorm morphology (i.e., onset timing, locations, energy input, and substorm timescales). These studies conclude that (1) auroral breakups are the most reliable substorm indicator, whereas other commonly used onset proxies may not always be associated with substorms and are subject to a propagation delay; (2) after breakup, the expanded auroral bulge can move either westward (60%) or eastward (40%); and (3) a typical substorm expansion phase lasts ～10 minutes and increases with increasing distances from the onset. A key conclusion from some recent studies seems to suggest that magnetotail reconnection, if it ever exists, is a consequence of substorm expansion onset. These findings provide constraints for substorm models and theories.     

一类完整性控制系统的设计及其在挠性航天器中的应用

本文利用变形Riccati方程的性质,提出一种多变量控制系统设计法。所设计的系统动态特性好,具有最优性,且在执行器失效时具有完整性。文中就挠性航天器动力学控制问题进行了应用研究。     

星载SAR性能与T／R组件不一致性的关系

本文分析了T／R组件幅相不一致性对星载SAR雷达系统性能的影响，T／R组件不一致性对星载SAR雷达天线副瓣电平有一定的影响。由于天钱的融瓣电平是不同频率信号贡献的平均值，所以天线的副瓣电平的大小依赖平均T／R组件不一致性。     

Differentiation in microgravity of neural and muscle cells of a vertebrate (amphibian).

The CELIMENE space experiment (CELulles en Impesanteur: Muscle Et Neurone Embryonnaires) was devoted to the study of the influence of gravity on the differentiation, the organisation and the maintenance of the highly specialised nervous system and muscular system. CELIMENE was carried out during the first flight of the IBIS hardware (Instrument for BIology in Space) with the fully automatic space mission PHOTON 10 in February 1995. Using the amphibian Pleurodeles waltl as a vertebrate model, in vitro experiments involved immunocytochemical detection of glial-, neuronal- and muscle-specific markers, and neurotransmitters in cells developed under conditions of microgravity compared with 1g controls, on-board and on the ground. We observed that the altered gravity did not disturb cell morphogenesis or differentiation.     

某型无人机碳纤维尾撑钻孔组合夹具设计与应用

结合设计图样及材料特性,研究了一种用于加工碳纤维尾撑的工艺及钻孔组合夹具,并阐述了其设计要点。     

空间陀螺仪显式标定与隐式标定方法

针对航天器陀螺仪误差系数的标定问题,提出了显式与隐式两种标定方法。建立了显式标定与隐式标定方法的状态方程与测量方程,利用扩展Kalman滤波获得了陀螺仪误差系数的高精度估计,同时比较了显式标定与隐式标定的不同,仿真结果表明,在当前参数设置下,显式标定与隐式标定精度基本相同,两种方法得到的误差系数估计相对误差在10%以内,而隐式标定方法实现较为容易,但对航天器姿态测量精度较为敏感。     

Direct dark matter searches with CDMS and XENON

The cryogenic dark matter search (CDMS) and XENON experiments aim to directly detect dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) via their elastic scattering on the target nuclei. The experiments use different techniques to suppress background event rates to the minimum, and at the same time, to achieve a high WIMP detection rate. The operation of cryogenic Ge and Si crystals of the CDMS-II experiment in the Soudan mine reported spectrum-weighted exposures of 34 (12) kg-d for the Ge (Si) targets after cuts, over the recoil energies 10–100 keV for a WIMP mass of 60 GeV/c². It gives an upper limit (90% C.L.) of spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross-section at 1.6 × 10⁻⁴³ cm² for a WIMP mass of 60 GeV/c², starting to constrain predications in supersymmetry models. The two-phase xenon detector of the XENON10 experiment is currently taking data in the Gran Sasso underground lab and promising preliminary results were recently reported. Both experiments are expected to increase their WIMP sensitivity by a one order of magnitude in the scheduled science runs for 2007.     

Prospects in the orbital and rotational dynamics of the Moon with the advent of sub-centimeter lunar laser ranging

Lunar laser ranging (LLR) measurements are crucial for advanced exploration of the laws of fundamental gravitational physics and geophysics as well as for future human and robotic missions to the Moon. The corner-cube reflectors (CCR) currently on the Moon require no power and still work perfectly since their installation during the project Apollo era. Current LLR technology allows us to measure distances to the Moon with a precision approaching 1 mm. As NASA pursues the vision of taking humans back to the Moon, new, more precise laser ranging applications will be demanded, including continuous tracking from more sites on Earth, placing new CCR arrays on the Moon, and possibly installing other devices such as transponders, etc. for multiple scientific and technical purposes. Since this effort involves humans in space, then in all situations the accuracy, fidelity, and robustness of the measurements, their adequate interpretation, and any products based on them, are of utmost importance. Successful achievement of this goal strongly demands further significant improvement of the theoretical model of the orbital and rotational dynamics of the Earth–Moon system. This model should inevitably be based on the theory of general relativity, fully incorporate the relevant geophysical processes, lunar librations, tides, and should rely upon the most recent standards and recommendations of the IAU for data analysis. This paper discusses methods and problems in developing such a mathematical model. The model will take into account all the classical and relativistic effects in the orbital and rotational motion of the Moon and Earth at the sub-centimeter level. The model is supposed to be implemented as a part of the computer code underlying NASA Goddard’s orbital analysis and geophysical parameter estimation package GEODYN and the ephemeris package PMOE 2003 of the Purple Mountain Observatory. The new model will allow us to navigate a spacecraft precisely to a location on the Moon. It will also greatly improve our understanding of the structure of the lunar interior and the nature of the physical interaction at the core–mantle interface layer. The new theory and upcoming millimeter LLR will give us the means to perform one of the most precise fundamental tests of general relativity in the solar system.     

机载可编程遥测数据采集系统

介绍一种功能很强的机载可编程遥测数据采集系统。采集数据种类多 ,数量大。系统采用双微处理器方案 ,主微处理器负责整个系统的控制管理 ,从微处理器完成众多异步数据流的接收 ,通过共享存储器方式解决双 CPU之间的数据通信问题 ;应用软硬件功能模块化设计、遥测格式可编程设计及系统并行总线设计 ,简化了系统 ,提高了系统性能和系统的通用性与可扩展性 ,可广泛应用于各种飞机多种用途的飞行试验