Progress on Microgravity Sciences in China

The main progress of the research activities on microgravity fluid physics, combustion, biotechnology research and fundamental Physics in China are briefly summarized in the present paper. The major space missions and experimental results obtained on board the Chinese recoverable/nonrecoverable satellites and the Chinese manned spaceship named "Shen Zhou" are presented summarily. The recent main activities of the ground-based studies in China are introduced in brief.     

隐身飞行器电磁散射特性分析

为对隐身飞行器的探测手段进行研究和指导隐身飞行器的研制,研究其电磁散射特性。采用外形逆向建模、理论预估和散射测量、强散射源减缩相结合的手段,对隐身飞行器的隐身性能进行预估。该方法具有精度高、速度快的优点,适合在隐身飞行器研制方案设计阶段使用。     

Experimental investigation on aero-heating of rudder shaft within laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers

The aero-heating of the rudder shaft region of a hypersonic vehicle is very harsh, as the peak heat flux in this region can be even higher than that at the stagnation point. Therefore, studying the aero-heating of the rudder shaft is of great significance for designing the thermal protection system of the hypersonic vehicle. In the wind tunnel test of the aero-heating effect, we find that with the increase of the angle of attack of the lifting body model, the increasement of the heat flux of the rudder shaft is larger under laminar flow conditions than that under turbulent flow conditions. To understand this, we design a wind tunnel experiment to study the effect of laminar/turbulent hypersonic boundary layers on the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the same wind tunnel freestream conditions. The experiment is carried out in the ?2 m shock tunnel(FD-14 A) affiliated to the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center(CARDC). The laminar boundary layer on the model is triggered to a turbulent one by using vortex generators, which are 2 mm-high diamonds. The aero-heating of the rudder shaft(with the rudder) and the protuberance(without the rudder) are studied in both hypersonic laminar and turbulent boundary layers under the same freestream condition. The nominal Mach numbers are 10 and 12, and the unit Reynolds numbers are2.4 × 10~6 m~(-1) and 2.1 × 10~6 m-1. The angle of attack of the model is 20°, and the deflection angle of the rudder and the protuberance is 10°. The heat flux on the model surface is measured by thin film heat flux sensors, and the heat flux distribution along the center line of the lifting body model suggests that forced transition is achieved in the upstream of the rudder. The test results of the rudder shaft and the protuberance show that the heat flux of the rudder shaft is lower in the turbulent flow than that in the laminar flow, but the heat flux of the protuberance is the other way around,i.e., lower in the laminar flow than in the turbulent flow. The wind tunnel test results is also validated by numerical simulations. Our analysis suggests that this phenomenon is due to the difference of boundary layer velocities caused by different thickness of boundary layer between laminar and turbulent flows, as well as the restricted flow within the rudder gap. When the turbulent boundary layer is more than three times thicker than that of the laminar boundary layer, the heat flux of the rudder shaft under the laminar flow condition is higher than that under the turbulent flow condition. Discovery of this phenomenon has great importance for guiding the design of the thermal protection system for the rudder shaft of hypersonic vehicles.     

外加磁场对脉冲等离子体推力器性能的影响

为了研究外加磁场对PPT性能的影响,建立了PPT带外加磁场的机电模型,并用三种不同放电能量水平的PPT验证了该模型的可靠性。利用该模型研究了外加磁场强度、模式、位置以及长度对PPT性能的影响。结果表明,对于尾部馈送型PPT,当外加磁场增加时,PPT性能先增加后减小,存在最优的外加磁场强度。对于LES-6 PPT和LES-8/9 PPT,外加磁场从极板的最左端开始施加效果最好;当外加磁场强度分别为0.25T,0.50T,0.75T,1.00T时,这两种PPT对应的最适合施加磁场长度分别是1.3mm,1.8mm,2.1mm,2.3mm和1.6mm,2.8mm,3.4mm,3.7mm。对于TMU PPT,外加磁场从极板的最右端开始施加效果最好,但是施加磁场长度应该根据具体实验结果并结合仿真计算来决定。     

两种翼型螺旋桨ARA-D和S1223的等离子体增效实验研究

文章首先基于雷诺相似理论,在地面螺旋桨实验平台上开展ARA-D翼型螺旋桨微秒脉冲等离子体增效三维实验,结果表明,等离子体对螺旋桨拉力增效效果随着脉冲频率增加而减弱,而螺旋桨转矩受等离子体影响随拉力增效效果增加而减弱,拉力、效率最大增幅分别达到10.79%、11.56%。而后基于雷诺相似理论及叶素理论,在低湍流度风洞开展S1223翼型螺旋桨叶素微秒脉冲等离子体增效二维实验,结果表明等离子体激励提高了翼型各叶素拉力,其中根部与尖部叶素表现尤为明显。二维实验结果可为三维实验激励器展向排布方案提供理论依据。2种实验结果均表明,等离子体射流可以有效抑制翼型表面流动分离。     

压气机静叶栅层流分离泡转捩与角区分离数值模拟与实验

采用γ-Reθ转捩模型对某可控扩散叶型(CDA)平面叶栅全攻角范围进行了三维数值计算,通过对比数值计算结果与叶栅实验吻合较好。在此基础上,分析了进口来流湍流度和雷诺数变化对叶栅表面层流分离、转捩以及角区分离的影响。结果表明:进口湍流度低于5%时,吸力面存在层流分离,当进口湍流度大于5%后,层流分离移除,但转捩会一直存在;随着进口湍流度或雷诺数增加,吸力面和压力面转捩位置均会前移;随着进口湍流度增加,吸力面角区分离会有所减小,雷诺数增加对角区分离的影响不大。      

多喷管液体火箭动力系统尾焰冲击特性研究

为深入研究多喷管液体火箭动力系统尾焰冲击特性,以由多喷管液体火箭动力系统构成的发射平台为研究对象,采用三维N-S方程描述尾焰冲击流动过程,采用Realizable k-ε湍流模型封闭流动方程组,并运用压力的隐式算子分割(PISO)算法进行求解,得到了火箭动力系统尾焰对不同导流面导流槽的冲击流场参数。结果表明:导流面上受冲击影响最大的是沿喷管轴线方向的正冲击区域,且助推器尾焰对导流面的冲击效应相比于芯级更加强烈。锥形导流面对多喷管动力系统尾焰具有很好的引射和导流作用,相比于楔形导流面更能降低尾焰的冲击影响,但会在流场中形成漩涡并卷吸高温燃气,可能对发射系统造成破坏,需要增加相应的热防护措施。     

旋流强度对甲烷/空气预混火焰CIVB回火的影响

为了研究旋流强度对甲烷/空气预混火焰燃烧诱导涡破碎(CIVB)回火的影响,以便深入理解CIVB回火的机理进而抑制回火,采用二维轴对称模型,并使用用户自定义函数(UDF)修改动量守恒方程来模拟旋流,得到了甲烷/空气预混火焰在不同旋流数下的CIVB回火极限,通过负切向涡量和流动不稳定理论分析了回火过程中的涡破碎。结果表明,对于无中心体旋流预混喷嘴中甲烷/空气火焰的CIVB回火,旋流数从0.409增加到0.416,先促进回火后抑制回火;对于同一个喷嘴结构,不同旋流数下发生CIVB回火时流场满足相同的涡破碎条件,即负切向涡量最大值约为5.5×10~4s~(-1),从宏观尺度分析其实质是流动不稳定扰动因子相同。     

平面热应力问题的组合杂交有限元方法

利用组合变分原理可以增强杂交元方法解的稳定性,建立了平面热应力问题的基于区域分解的组合变分原理.与弹性力学问题相比,右端项改变;并且提出组合杂交元来离散新的变分原理、形成刚度矩阵;进而引入能量协调条件,不仅简化了变分原理及其相应的刚度矩阵,而且减少有限元解的误差.数值结果表明,能量协调的4节点组合杂交元数值性能最佳:实现粗网格高精度,对网格畸变不敏感且可以克服闭锁现象.     

针对SF6分解气的多参数综合监测平台设计

设计了SF6分解气多参数综合监测平台,选择多频正弦调制方法研发了基于FPGA的多通道锁相放大电路,并对多通道锁相放大原理进行了理论推导,提出一种多频调制信号的频率分配原则.搭建针对多组分气体的多参数综合监测平台,给出温度、压强、微水、SF6纯度等传感器的集成方案.实验结果表明,本系统平台能够从较低浓度的H2S、HF、CO混合气体中正确解调出二次谐波信号,不同气体的二次谐波之间干扰性较小,对弱吸收的CO气体信号提高2个数量级,实现了多组分微量气体的同时监测.