The Hydrogen Exospheric Density Profile Measured with ASPERA-3/NPD

We have evaluated the Lyman-α limb emission from the exospheric hydrogen of Mars measured by the neutral particle detector of the ASPERA-3 instrument on Mars Express in 2004 at low solar activity (solar activity index = 42, F_10.7=100). We derive estimates for the hydrogen exobase density, n _H = 10¹⁰ m^?3, and for the apparent temperature, T > 600 K. We conclude that the limb emission measurement is dominated by a hydrogen component that is considerably hotter than the bulk temperature at the exobase. The derived values for the exosphere density and temperature are compared with similar measurements done by the Mariner space probes in the 1969. The values found with Mars Express and Mariner data are brought in a broader context of exosphere models including the possibility of having two hydrogen components in the Martian exosphere. The present observation of the Martian hydrogen exosphere is the first one at high altitudes during low solar activity, and shows that for low solar activity exospheric densities are not higher than for high solar activity.     

钛合金零件钻削过程仿真与试验研究

钛合金被广泛用于航空工业中,譬如民用飞机吊挂滑轨等典型结构的制造。钛合金作为难加工材料,通常使用钻削的方法进行加工,不同的钻削参数对应不同的钻削温度和钻削力,而钻削温度和钻削力对加工精度影响较大。为使加工参数和加工精度得到很好地匹配,借助Deform 3D有限元仿真软件建立了钛合金热应力耦合有限元模型,通过软件仿真研究钛合金滑轨在加工过程中的钻削力以及钻削温度。首先,对钻头和钛合金试件进行网格划分。其次,建立材料本构模型和切屑分离标准,使用仿真软件得到加工过程的钻削力和钻削温度。最后,采用试验方法获取钻削温度和钻削力,与仿真结果进行对比。结果表明:仿真结果与试验较为吻合,仿真能输出有效的钻削力和钻削温度。     

基于SimulationX的可调静子导叶机械滞后效应系统仿真

为了解决压气机可调静子导叶(VSV)机械滞后问题,基于Simulat ionX系统仿真平台,建立了VSV调节系统仿真模型。通过仿真结果与台架试验数据对比分析,验证了模型的有效性。在此基础上,结合FMEA方法分析了不同因素对VSV角度滞后的影响程度。分析结果表明:发动机个体分散度和不同热状态之间的驱动负载、驱动能力、活门特性的差别是引发问题的主要因素,当由2种以上因素共同作用时,VSV角度的机械滞后效应增加。提出了1种新的故障模式,并通过台架试验完成了验证。     

双组元液体火箭发动机推力室材料研究进展

针对双组元液体火箭发动机,综述了难熔金属材料、贵金属材料、高性能复合材料三大推力室材料体系的研究进展,介绍了三大体系材料主要的制备技术和应用,讨论了使用局限性,并对推力室材料的发展趋势进行了展望。     

三支点柔性转子系统支承不同心激励特征及振动响应分析

针对航空发动机三支点柔性转子系统的支承不同心问题,充分考虑转子结构特征和载荷特征,首次将当量刚度引入多支点柔性转子不同心问题的动力学分析,定量描述转子系统各支承间不同心度带来的转子轴段刚度非线性,并提出了多跨度柔性转子系统支承不同心激励的数学描述,建立了不同心激励下多跨度柔性转子系统的力学模型。基于Lagrange能量法,给出了转子系统动力学方程的求解方法,研究得到了支承不同心转子系统的动力响应特征。结果表明:支承不同心不仅引起转子过渡轴的刚度非线性,产生2倍频激励,还会给转子系统带来附加不平衡激励;对于三支点柔性转子系统而言,2倍频分量同样是支承不同心下转子系统振动响应的典型特征之一。转子系统2倍频分量随不同心量的增加而迅速增加,而1倍频分量基本保持不变。同时转子振动响应呈现"缓增速降"趋势,且随非线性刚度、不平衡量的增大愈加明显。     

OSIRIS-REx: Sample Return from Asteroid (101955) Bennu

In May of 2011, NASA selected the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) asteroid sample return mission as the third mission in the New Frontiers program. The other two New Frontiers missions are New Horizons, which explored Pluto during a flyby in July 2015 and is on its way for a flyby of Kuiper Belt object 2014 MU69 on January 1, 2019, and Juno, an orbiting mission that is studying the origin, evolution, and internal structure of Jupiter. The spacecraft departed for near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu aboard an United Launch Alliance Atlas V 411 evolved expendable launch vehicle at 7:05 p.m. EDT on September 8, 2016, on a seven-year journey to return samples from Bennu. The spacecraft is on an outbound-cruise trajectory that will result in a rendezvous with Bennu in November 2018. The science instruments on the spacecraft will survey Bennu to measure its physical, geological, and chemical properties, and the team will use these data to select a site on the surface to collect at least 60 g of asteroid regolith. The team will also analyze the remote-sensing data to perform a detailed study of the sample site for context, assess Bennu’s resource potential, refine estimates of its impact probability with Earth, and provide ground-truth data for the extensive astronomical data set collected on this asteroid. The spacecraft will leave Bennu in 2021 and return the sample to the Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR) on September 24, 2023.

     

Time-Delay Integration Imaging with ICON’s Far-Ultraviolet Imager

A Time-Delay Integration (TDI) image acquisition and processing system has been developed to capture ICON’s Far Ultraviolet (FUV) Spectrographic Imager data. The TDI system is designed to provide variable-range motion-compensated imaging of Earth’s nightside ionospheric limb and sub-limb scenes viewed from Low Earth Orbit in the 135.6 nm emission of oxygen with an integration time of 12 seconds. As a pre-requisite of the motion compensation the TDI system is also designed to provide corrections for optical distortions generated by the FUV Imager’s optical assembly. On the dayside the TDI system is used to process 135.6 nm and 157.0 nm wavelength altitude profiles simultaneously. We present the TDI system’s design methodology and implementation as an FPGA module with an emphasis on minimization of on-board data throughput and telemetry. We also present the methods and results of testing the TDI system in simulation and with Engineering Ground Support Equipment (EGSE) to validate its performance.

     

Imaging Plasma Density Structures in the Soft X-Rays Generated by Solar Wind Charge Exchange with Neutrals

Both heliophysics and planetary physics seek to understand the complex nature of the solar wind’s interaction with solar system obstacles like Earth’s magnetosphere, the ionospheres of Venus and Mars, and comets. Studies with this objective are frequently conducted with the help of single or multipoint in situ electromagnetic field and particle observations, guided by the predictions of both local and global numerical simulations, and placed in context by observations from far and extreme ultraviolet (FUV, EUV), hard X-ray, and energetic neutral atom imagers (ENA). Each proposed interaction mechanism (e.g., steady or transient magnetic reconnection, local or global magnetic reconnection, ion pick-up, or the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) generates diagnostic plasma density structures. The significance of each mechanism to the overall interaction (as measured in terms of atmospheric/ionospheric loss at comets, Venus, and Mars or global magnetospheric/ionospheric convection at Earth) remains to be determined but can be evaluated on the basis of how often the density signatures that it generates are observed as a function of solar wind conditions. This paper reviews efforts to image the diagnostic plasma density structures in the soft (low energy, 0.1–2.0 keV) X-rays produced when high charge state solar wind ions exchange electrons with the exospheric neutrals surrounding solar system obstacles.The introduction notes that theory, local, and global simulations predict the characteristics of plasma boundaries such the bow shock and magnetopause (including location, density gradient, and motion) and regions such as the magnetosheath (including density and width) as a function of location, solar wind conditions, and the particular mechanism operating. In situ measurements confirm the existence of time- and spatial-dependent plasma density structures like the bow shock, magnetosheath, and magnetopause/ionopause at Venus, Mars, comets, and the Earth. However, in situ measurements rarely suffice to determine the global extent of these density structures or their global variation as a function of solar wind conditions, except in the form of empirical studies based on observations from many different times and solar wind conditions. Remote sensing observations provide global information about auroral ovals (FUV and hard X-ray), the terrestrial plasmasphere (EUV), and the terrestrial ring current (ENA). ENA instruments with low energy thresholds (\(\sim1~\mbox{keV}\)) have recently been used to obtain important information concerning the magnetosheaths of Venus, Mars, and the Earth. Recent technological developments make these magnetosheaths valuable potential targets for high-cadence wide-field-of-view soft X-ray imagers.Section 2 describes proposed dayside interaction mechanisms, including reconnection, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and other processes in greater detail with an emphasis on the plasma density structures that they generate. It focuses upon the questions that remain as yet unanswered, such as the significance of each proposed interaction mode, which can be determined from its occurrence pattern as a function of location and solar wind conditions. Section 3 outlines the physics underlying the charge exchange generation of soft X-rays. Section 4 lists the background sources (helium focusing cone, planetary, and cosmic) of soft X-rays from which the charge exchange emissions generated by solar wind exchange must be distinguished. With the help of simulations employing state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamic models for the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction, models for Earth’s exosphere, and knowledge concerning these background emissions, Sect. 5 demonstrates that boundaries and regions such as the bow shock, magnetosheath, magnetopause, and cusps can readily be identified in images of charge exchange emissions. Section 6 reviews observations by (generally narrow) field of view (FOV) astrophysical telescopes that confirm the presence of these emissions at the intensities predicted by the simulations. Section 7 describes the design of a notional wide FOV “lobster-eye” telescope capable of imaging the global interactions and shows how it might be used to extract information concerning the global interaction of the solar wind with solar system obstacles. The conclusion outlines prospects for missions employing such wide FOV imagers.     

软件体系结构的探讨

软件体系结构是软件工程中的一个新兴研究领域,它与软件工程技术的发展有着密切的关系。首先,从软件工程技术的发展了解软件体系结构研究的必然性;然后,给出软件体系结构的概念描述,介绍有关体系结构研究的内容;最后,举出一个实例。     

Boundary discontinuous Fourier analysis of thick beams with clamped and simply supported edges via CUF

This paper presents an analytical solution for static analysis of thick rectangular beams with different boundary conditions.Carrera's Unified Formulation (CUF) is used in order to consider shear deformation theories of arbitrary order.The novelty of the present work is that a boundary discontinuous Fourier approach is used to consider clamped boundary conditions in the analytical solution,unlike Navier-type solutions which are restricted to simply supported beams.Governing equations are obtained by employing the principle of virtual work.The numerical accuracy of results is ascertained by studying the convergence of the solution and comparing the results to those of a 3D finite element solution.Beams subjected to bending due to a uniform pressure load and subjected to torsion due to opposite linear forces are considered.Overall,accurate results close to those of 3D finite element solutions are obtained,which can be used to validate finite element results or other approximate methods.