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521.
N. Novikova O. Gusev N. Polikarpov E. Deshevaya M. Levinskikh V. Alekseev T. Okuda M. Sugimoto V. Sychev А. Grigoriev 《Acta Astronautica》2011,68(9-10):1574-1580
The RF SRC—Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, developed Biorisk hardware to study the effects of long-term exposure of dormant forms of various organisms to outer space and used it to complete a series of experiments on the Russian Module (RM) of the International Space Station (ISS).The experiments were performed using prokaryotes (Bacillus bacteria) and eukaryotes (Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium fungi), as well as spores, dormant forms of higher plants, insects, lower crustaceans, and vertebrates. The biological samples were housed in two containers that were exposed to outer space for 13 or 18 months. The results of the 18-month experiment showed that, in spite of harsher temperature than in the first study, most specimens remained viable.These experiments provided evidence that not only bacterial and fungal spores but also dormant forms of organisms that reached higher levels of evolutionary development had the capability to survive a long-term exposure to outer space. This observation suggests that they can be transferred on outer walls of space platforms during interplanetary missions. 相似文献
522.
In this paper, the results of calculating the processes of two fuel mixture combustion in different proportions are presented.
The values of temperature, thermal capacity, specific gas constant and isentropic expansion ratio of combustion products are
given. Also shown is the distinction of thermodynamic properties from the additivity law. 相似文献
523.
A finite element statement of solving problems on stability of reinforced elliptic cylindrical shells taking into account
momentness and nonlinearity of their subcritical stress strain state is presented. The explicit expressions for displacements
of noncircular cylindrical shell elements as rigid bodies are determined by integrating the equations obtained by equating
the components of linear strains to zero. These expressions were used to construct the form functions for an efficient quadrilateral
finite element of natural curvature. An efficient numerical algorithm of nonlinear deformation and stability of shells was
developed. The stability of reinforced elliptic cylindrical shells under combined loading by bending moment, transverse boundary
force and internal pressure is analyzed. We also examine how the critical loads are affected by the strain nonlinearity and
ellipticity of shell deformation at the subcritical stage. 相似文献
524.
I. S. Akhmed’yanov 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2010,53(2):230-234
To complete study [1], the procedure of applying the numerical quadrature method to analyzing the shells of revolution under
axisymmetrical loading is presented. 相似文献
525.
A. N. Markushin V. K. Merkushin V. M. Byshin A. V. Baklanov 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2010,53(1):63-68
The test results of a conventional combustion chamber with the improved structure are presented. The concentration of toxic
substance emissions is reduced as compared with combustion chambers of the similar type. 相似文献
526.
In this paper, a process of flanging to create thin-walled axisymmetrical shells with the shape of truncated cone is analyzed. Also presented are some dependences that make it possible to determine the relative depth of a formed piece at the given piece-blank thickness ratio. 相似文献
527.
To calculate the unsteady helicopter motion, we propose a simplifying approach consisting in the fact that the numerical solution
of equations of nonlinear nonstationary aerodynamics and flight dynamics are made successively in time intervals. As an example,
the results of calculating the helicopter motion in descent are presented. The mathematical model and algorithm can be used
for calculating the unsteady motion of different helicopters. 相似文献
528.
R. Govind F.G. Lemoine J.J. Valette D. Chinn N. Zelensky 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
Geoscience Australia contributed a multi-satellite, multi-year weekly time series to the International DORIS Service combined submission for the construction of International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2008 (ITRF2008). This contributing solution was extended to a study of the capability of DORIS to dynamically estimate the variation in the geocentre location. Two solutions, comprising different constraint configurations of the tracking network, were undertaken. The respective DORIS satellite orbit solutions (SPOT-2, SPOT-4, SPOT-5 and Envisat) were verified and validated by comparison with those produced at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), DORIS Analysis Centre, for computational consistency and standards. In addition, in the case of Envisat, the trajectories from the GA determined SLR and DORIS orbits were compared. The results for weekly dynamic geocentre estimates from the two constraint configurations were benchmarked against the geometric geocentre estimates from the IDS-2 combined solution. This established that DORIS is capable of determining the dynamic geocentre variation by estimating the degree one spherical harmonic coefficients of the Earth’s gravity potential. It was established that constrained configurations produced similar results for the geocentre location and consequently similar annual amplitudes. For the minimally constrained configuration Greenbelt–Kitab, the mean of the uncertainties of the geocentre location were 2.3, 2.3 and 7.6 mm and RMS of the mean uncertainties were 1.9, 1.2 and 3.5 mm for the X, Y and Z components, respectively. For GA_IDS-2_Datum constrained configuration, the mean of the uncertainties of the geocentre location were 1.7, 1.7 and 6.2 mm and RMS of the mean uncertainties were 0.9, 0.7 and 2.9 mm for the X, Y and Z components, respectively. The mean of the differences of the two DORIS dynamic geocentre solutions with respect to the IDS-2 combination were 1.6, 4.0 and 5.1 mm with an RMS of the mean 21.2, 14.0 and 31.5 mm for the Greenbelt–Kitab configuration and 4.1, 3.9 and 4.3 mm with an RMS 8.1, 9.0 and 28.6 mm for the GA_IDS-2_Datum constraint configuration. The annual amplitudes for each component were estimated to be 5.3, 10.8 and 11.0 mm for the Greenbelt–Kitab configuration and 5.3, 9.3 and 9.4 mm for the GA_IDS-2_Datum constraint configuration. The two DORIS determined dynamic geocentre solutions were compared to the SLR determined dynamic solution (which was determined from the same process of the GA contribution to the ITRF2008 ILRS combination) gave mean differences of 3.3, −4.7 and 2.5 mm with an RMS of 20.7, 17.5 and 28.0 mm for the X, Y and Z components, respectively for the Greenbelt–Kitab configuration and 1.1, −5.4 and 4.4 mm with an RMS of 9.7, 13.3 and 24.9 mm for the GA_IDS-2_Datum configuration. The larger variability is reflected in the respective amplitudes. As a comparison, the annual amplitudes of the SLR determined dynamic geocentre are 0.9, 1.0 and 6.8 mm in the X, Y and Z components. The results from this study indicate that there is potential to achieve precise dynamically determined geocentre from DORIS. 相似文献
529.
A. I. Golovanov 《Russian Aeronautics (Iz VUZ)》2010,53(3):243-249
The constitutive relations and plastic flow rule are derived from the thermodynamics equations. The known procedures of determining
the plastic strain rate value are described. A calculation algorithm is presented that is based on the incremental loading,
linearization of the virtual power equation and the projection method. A numerical example is presented. 相似文献
530.
In this paper, the results of an experimental study concerning average heat transfer in an annular channel with flow swirling
by an endless screw and spherical grooves on the convex surface are presented. Also analyzed is the heat and hydraulic efficiency
of grooves application under conditions being considered. 相似文献