SEPARATED FLOW AROUND BENT-NOSE BICONIC IN HYPERSONIC FLOW

This article investigates the separated flow around the bent-nose biconic, in which the second ordered TVD(Total Variation Diminishing) method is applied. The governing cqua-tion is a thin layer Navier-Stokes equation. The surface pressure distribution at the leeward side is a little higher in the vicinity of the symmetrical plane. This seems to be caused by the development of the vortex at the leeward side due to the separated flow. The location of a separation line and the size are in very good agreement with the experiment. Also the secondary separation is captured very clearly.     

用于EOS直播卫星数据采集和处理的低成本可搬运地面站

作为全球变化研究的全国统一行动的一部分,地球观测系统(EOS)将在15年时间内发射一个遥感卫星星座。来自EOS卫星的科学数据将由NASA研究机构加以处理,再分发给大量地球科学家。许多这样的卫星还备有另外的接口,能直接向用户播发数据。从过境卫星实时直接播发科学数据有不少有价值的用途:现场测量结果的检验,规划科学会战以及用于科学和工程教育。 EOS直播的成功与实用价值很大程度上取决于最终用户接收该数据所花费用。为将这种能力扩大到尽可能多的用户,接收站的成本应尽量低。为此NASA哥达德航天中心(GSFC)正在研制一种能接收EOS直播数据的可搬运式低成本地面站样机,该站将采用甚大规模集成(VLSI)部件和流水线多处理结构。这一系统的预定重复生产成本低于20万美元。本文介绍该地面站的样机及其主要部件。     

新型除氧喷嘴的雾化性能

对新型撞击式除氧喷嘴产生的雾滴尺寸、分布与喷嘴几何参数及工作压力的关系进行了研究。测量使用激光大粒径测量仪,其实时测量范围为75～3000μm。该喷嘴在工作压力为0.1～0.6MPa 时产生,雾滴的索太尔平均粒径小于900μm,粒径随供水压力增加而减小。应进一步研究这种喷嘴的几何参数,特别是射流孔口直径及孔口至撞击杆的距离对雾化的影响,以提高它的雾化性能。     

粉浆浇铸熔硅天线罩的加工要求

美国乔治亚理工学院于1955年与美海军签订合同共同研究用熔硅制造天线罩的技术.1958～1959年间已获得了首批成果,并用熔硅浇铸了一批天线罩.1960年后继续研究并作了雨水滑撬试验.1963年与美空军签订合同为“开路先锋”(Trailblazer)导弹研制天线罩.意大利塞列尼亚公司曾和该学院合作进行了两年有关天线军的研究工作,获得了该项技术的“诀窍”,并运用于研制“阿斯派德”导弹的天线罩.乔治亚理工学院在研制陶瓷系列天线罩方面与美军方签订了多份合同,N00017—70—C—4438合同是其中之一.该合同共包括四篇技术报告,其目的在于开展研制工作和发展工艺,以便全面地挖掘将在高超音速导弹中作为结构元件用的陶瓷系统的潜力.本文是该合同的第二份技术报告,介绍了粉浆浇铸熔硅天线罩的加工技术规范及其理论基础,现译出供参考.     

Cell-to-cell interactions in changed gravity: ground-based and flight experiments

Cell-to-cell interactions play an important role in all physiological processes and are mediated by humoral and mechanical factors. Mechanosensitive cells (e.g., osteocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts) can be studied ex vivo to understand the effects of an altered gravity environment. In particular, cultured endothelial cells (EC) are very sensitive to a broad spectrum of mechanical and biochemical stimuli. Earlier, we demonstrated that clinorotation leads to cytoskeletal remodeling in cultured ECs. Long-term gravity vector changes also modulate the expression of surface adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, E-selectin, VCAM-1) on cultured ECs. To study the interactions of geterological cells, we cocultured endothelial monolayers and human lymphocytes, immune cells and myeloleucemic (K-560) cells. It was found that, although clinorotation did not alter the basal adhesion level of non-activated immune cells on endothelial monolayers, the adhesion of PMA-activated lymphocytes was increased. During flight experiments onboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station, we measured the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells incubated with labeled target cells. It was found that immune cells in microgravity retained their ability to contact, recognize, and destroy oncogenic cells in vitro. Together, our data concerning the effects of simulated and real microgravity suggest that, despite changes in the cytoskeleton, cell motility, and expression of adhesion molecules, cell-cell interactions are not compromised, thus preserving the critical physiological functions of immune and endothelial cells.     

Coronal mass ejection (CME) activity of low mass M stars as an important factor for the habitability of terrestrial exoplanets. II. CME-induced ion pick up of Earth-like exoplanets in close-in habitable zones

Atmospheric erosion of CO2-rich Earth-size exoplanets due to coronal mass ejection (CME)-induced ion pick up within close-in habitable zones of active M-type dwarf stars is investigated. Since M stars are active at the X-ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation (XUV) wave-lengths over long periods of time, we have applied a thermal balance model at various XUV flux input values for simulating the thermospheric heating by photodissociation and ionization processes due to exothermic chemical reactions and cooling by the CO2 infrared radiation in the 15 microm band. Our study shows that intense XUV radiation of active M stars results in atmospheric expansion and extended exospheres. Using thermospheric neutral and ion densities calculated for various XUV fluxes, we applied a numerical test particle model for simulation of atmospheric ion pick up loss from an extended exosphere arising from its interaction with expected minimum and maximum CME plasma flows. Our results indicate that the Earth-like exoplanets that have no, or weak, magnetic moments may lose tens to hundreds of bars of atmospheric pressure, or even their whole atmospheres due to the CME-induced O ion pick up at orbital distances 相似文献   

CCD互相关粒子图像测速及其在对抗流流场测量中的应用

在常规自相关粒子图像测速（ＰＩＶ）系统的基础上,发展了一个采用ＣＣＤ像机的互相关粒子图像测速系统。用这一新系统测量了对抗流流场的结果表明,这一技术克服了自相关粒子图像测速技术在测量具有滞止点的流场中的困难。实验说明,与自相关粒子图像测速技术相比,这一技术更快捷有效。     

柏林工学院航空航天研究所研制的卫星测距设备

本文介绍了柏林工学院航空航天研究所(ILR)研制的两种极高精确度的系统。这两种系统分别利用了侧音测距和伪噪声码测距的原理,都设计成通过宽带通信转发器来完成双向测距(地-空-地)。测距线路要求几兆赫的信道带宽,利用普通的通信所用的转发器通道就可以建立这种线路,而没有相互干扰。本系统的特点是硬件简单,所需射频辐射功率低。其分辨力可达10微微秒量级,长期漂移也在这一数量级上。总廷迟误差小于1毫微秒,系统精确度可望达到此值。基于已研制的伪噪声码测距系统,ILR 正在研制第三套设备,这是专为某一项任务而设计的。用于该系统的地面设施和星上装置亦将投产。下面,我们就来介绍此系统。     

嵌金属丝推进剂的燃烧过程

为了解嵌金属丝推进剂的燃速沿金属丝的变化,并求出控制这类推进剂燃速的因素,对嵌银丝双基推进剂作了研究。沿金属丝的燃速主要取决于金属丝种类、尺寸和推进剂组分。用具有各种燃烧特性的双基推进剂,测量了沿银丝的燃速,并研究了光焰区、暗区和沸腾区的影响。利用微型热电偶测量了推进剂中靠近银丝部分的温度分布。根据试验结果,明确了沿银丝的燃速控制因素是沸腾区的温度梯度和暗区的温度。位于燃面上方的光焰区既不影响推进剂的燃速,也不影响沿银丝的燃速。