液氧/液氢高压膨胀循环发动机初步试验

膨胀循环具有很好的性能和很高的可靠性,这一点已由普拉特·惠特尼公司的“半人马座”上面级推进系统RL10发动机证实,但是这种循环对燃烧室压力增加和推力增加都有限制作用,因为它仅仅利用了燃料在冷却燃烧室和喷管延伸段时吸收的热能,来推进燃料和氧化剂涡轮泵.建议采用具有内部热交换器的先进方案燃烧室,这种热交换器可以收集许多燃烧热量.叙述使用内部热交换器的高压膨胀循环发动机的主要性能,并给出了这种发动机的初步试验结果.热交换器中的平均热通量是Bartz相关计算值的70%.燃烧性能不会因装了内部热交换器而受到严重影响.     

Some ecological mechanisms to generate habitability in planetary subsurface areas by chemolithotrophic communities: the Río Tinto subsurface ecosystem as a model system

Chemolithotrophic communities that colonize subsurface habitats have great relevance for the astrobiological exploration of our Solar System. We hypothesize that the chemical and thermal stabilization of an environment through microbial activity could make a given planetary region habitable. The MARTE project ground-truth drilling campaigns that sampled cryptic subsurface microbial communities in the basement of the Río Tinto headwaters have shown that acidic surficial habitats are the result of the microbial oxidation of pyritic ores. The oxidation process is exothermic and releases heat under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These microbial communities can maintain the subsurface habitat temperature through storage heat if the subsurface temperature does not exceed their maximum growth temperature. In the acidic solutions of the Río Tinto, ferric iron acts as an effective buffer for controlling water pH. Under anaerobic conditions, ferric iron is the oxidant used by microbes to decompose pyrite through the production of sulfate, ferrous iron, and protons. The integration between the physical and chemical processes mediated by microorganisms with those driven by the local geology and hydrology have led us to hypothesize that thermal and chemical regulation mechanisms exist in this environment and that these homeostatic mechanisms could play an essential role in creating habitable areas for other types of microorganisms. Therefore, searching for the physicochemical expression of extinct and extant homeostatic mechanisms through physical and chemical anomalies in the Mars crust (i.e., local thermal gradient or high concentration of unusual products such as ferric sulfates precipitated out from acidic solutions produced by hypothetical microbial communities) could be a first step in the search for biological traces of a putative extant or extinct Mars biosphere.     

降阶脉冲发动机的点火控制逻辑

本文研究脉冲发动机在战术导弹,特别是空空导弹上的应用.因为其飞行任务要求对能量消耗作仔细地监控.一般的中程空空导弹使用助推-主发动机作为动力.除了接近交会之外,发射时导弹雷达导引头并不知道目标.一般的中程空空导弹使用比例导航或者在终段制导使用改进的比例导航,同时为了使导弹在较高的高度飞行以减小阻力,在中段附加了预编程的     

时钟在GPS接收机中的作用

每个刚接触GPS的人首先了解到的是:时钟是该技术的核心。GPS卫星载有非常精确、超稳定、每个耗费数万美元的原子钟。然而,出于显而易见的原因,大多数GPS接收机中的时钟很便宜。除了跟踪卫星信号时,由于要求时钟信号中的相位噪声,对接收机时钟要求较高,其它应用对接收机时钟的要求都不是很高。这一要求通常用100美元左右或更少的温补晶振就可满足。     

Cutting force model and damage formation mechanism in milling of 70wt% Si/Al composite

High-mass fraction silicon aluminium composite(Si/Al composite) has unique properties of high specific strength, low thermal expansion coefficient, excellent wear resistance and weldability. It has attracted many applications in terms of radar communication, aerospace and automobile industry. However, rapid tool wear resulted from high cutting force and hard abrasion, and damaged machined surfaces are the main problem in machining Si/Al composite. This work aims to reveal the mechanisms of milli...     

催化硝胺推进剂的热化学分析

研究了催化刑对HMX复合推进剂的作用部位和模式。加入硬脂酸铅(PbSt)后,推进剂燃速急剧增加。此种燃速增快现象类似于催化双基推进剂,即所谓的“超速燃烧”现象。仅当粘合剂本身氧含量较高时,HMX的超速燃烧现象才会发生。但HMX本身的燃速并不随PbSt的加入而增加。PbSt影响粘合剂的热分解过程,并在燃烧表面上产生含碳物质,喷射至气相的气体产物也由于催化剂的加入而发生变化。这时气体物质量的比接近于化学计量比,因而反应速率很可能增加。反应速率的增加又使反馈至燃面的热流量增大,并使推进剂燃速增加。     

RDX/AP 复合推进剂中声不稳定性的微粒抑制

为了说明微粒对于环三甲撑三硝胺(RDX)/过氯酸铵(AP)复合推进剂燃烧时观察到的高频燃烧不稳定的抑制作用,进行了本项实验研究。实验中看到了很高频率的燃烧不稳定,它是在推进剂药柱的圆形孔道中发生的10-30KH_2范围的横向波。这种不稳定性可以通过添加少量固体微粒而被有效地消除。燃烧不稳定区已确定为微粒大小和浓度的函数。在压力—微粒浓度曲线上确定了发生不稳定燃烧的临界范围。根据 Horton 和 McGie 的微粒抑制理论计算出临界条件下的抑制常数(α_(p.(?))),并由假设(α_(p.(?)))=-α_g 求出推进剂的增长常数(α_g)。     

固体推进剂药柱结构安全裕度预测方法述评

当前,各工业公司用来预测固体推进剂药柱结构安全裕度的方法各不相同。虽然他们所用的计算公式均很相似,但针对具体问题算得的安全裕度值却是有正有负。事实上,这一问题已成为发动机药柱设计结构完整性评定工作产生混乱的根源。本文评论了影响安全裕度计算的各项参数,即破坏准则、结构分析方法、推进剂响应和破坏特性。本文还鉴别和讨论了与上述参数有关的技术问题,提出了今后研究工作中应予关注的问题。     

GAP推进剂的燃烧

为了解高能叠氮聚合物的燃烧速率机理,对GAP(聚叠氮缩水甘油醚)推进剂的燃烧和分解过程作了研究.GAP推进剂的特点是在分子结构中附有-N_3官能团,燃烧试验结果表明:即使单位质量GAP推进剂所含的能量相对较低,GAP推进剂的燃速也较高;而且其燃速很大程度上依赖于初始温度和GAP推进剂中的混合浓度.AGP推进剂的燃速随着单位质量的GAP推进剂中-N_3官能团浓度的增加而增加.从GAP燃烧火焰结构的热分布试验和热化学试验中可发现,燃烧表面放出的热量比由热气流反馈到燃烧表面的热量大得多,GAP的初始分解是由-GH_2-N=N_2分子结构中键断裂生成-C≡N N_2引起的.该分解反应具有高达685kJ/mol的放出热,由此可得,所观察到的高燃速是由燃烧表面的热分解反应引起的.