排序方式: 共有38条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
A. Balogh V. Bothmer N.U. Crooker R.J. Forsyth G. Gloeckler A. Hewish M. Hilchenbach R. Kallenbach B. Klecker J.A. Linker E. Lucek G. Mann E. Marsch A. Posner I.G. Richardson J.M. Schmidt M. Scholer Y.-M. Wang R.F. Wimmer-Schweingruber M.R. Aellig P. Bochsler S. Hefti Z. Mikić 《Space Science Reviews》1999,89(1-2):141-178
Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs) form as a consequence of the compression of the solar wind at the interface between
fast speed streams and slow streams. Dynamic interaction of solar wind streams is a general feature of the heliospheric medium;
when the sources of the solar wind streams are relatively stable, the interaction regions form a pattern which corotates with
the Sun. The regions of origin of the high speed solar wind streams have been clearly identified as the coronal holes with
their open magnetic field structures. The origin of the slow speed solar wind is less clear; slow streams may well originate
from a range of coronal configurations adjacent to, or above magnetically closed structures. This article addresses the coronal
origin of the stable pattern of solar wind streams which leads to the formation of CIRs. In particular, coronal models based
on photospheric measurements are reviewed; we also examine the observations of kinematic and compositional solar wind features
at 1 AU, their appearance in the stream interfaces (SIs) of CIRs, and their relationship to the structure of the solar surface
and the inner corona; finally we summarise the Helios observations in the inner heliosphere of CIRs and their precursors to
give a link between the optical observations on their solar origin and the in-situ plasma observations at 1 AU after their
formation. The most important question that remains to be answered concerning the solar origin of CIRs is related to the origin
and morphology of the slow solar wind.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
32.
M. Scholer G. Mann S. Chalov M.I. Desai L.A. Fisk J.R. Jokipii R. Kallenbach E. Keppler J. Kóta H. Kunow M.A. Lee T.R. Sanderson G.M. Simnett 《Space Science Reviews》1999,89(1-2):369-399
On the basis of the observational picture established in the report of Mason, von Steiger et al. (1999) the status of theoretical models on origin, injection, and acceleration of particles associated with Corotating Interaction
Regions (CIRs) is reviewed. This includes diffusive or first-order Fermi acceleration at oblique shocks, adiabatic deceleration
in the solar wind, stochastic acceleration in Alfvén waves and oblique propagating magnetosonic waves, and shock surfing as
possible injection mechanism to discriminate pickup ions from solar wind ions.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
33.
Distributions with excess numbers of superthermal particles are common in space environments. They are well modelled by the
isotropic kappa distribution, or, where magnetic effects are important, the kappa-Maxwellian. This paper presents a review
of some studies of electrostatic and electromagnetic waves in such plasmas, based on the associated generalized plasma dispersion
functions, Z
κ and Z
κM. In particular, the effects of low values of κ are considered, i.e. strongly accelerated distribution functions. Recently the full susceptibility tensor for oblique propagation of electromagnetic
waves in a kappa-Maxwellian magnetoplasma has been established and has been applied to the study of whistler waves. 相似文献
34.
Sebastian E. Schroeder Andreas Kullmann Peter Preusse Fred Stroh Katja Weigel Manfred Ern Peter Knieling Friedhelm Olschewski Reinhold Spang Martin Riese 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2009,43(12):1910-1917
The CRISTA-NF instrument is the airborne version of the CRISTA satellite infrared limb sounder. It has been successfully flown on the Geophysica research airplane during a test campaign in July 2005, during the SCOUT-O3 Tropical Aircraft Campaign in November/December 2005 and during the AMMA campaign in August 2006. Radiance calibrations of the airborne instrument are more complex compared to the satellite instrument because the vacuum shell of CRISTA-NF is confined by a ZnSe (zinc–selenide) window and the detectors can thermally drift during measurement flights. By comprehensive radiance calibrations with a blackbody source the window’s emissivity and transmissivity are determined and the dependence of the instrument sensitivity on the detector temperature is characterized. Taking these effects into account, the remaining radiance error of the calibration is smaller than 3%. 相似文献
35.
36.
Ali Mahmoud Samy Elbialy Biswajeet Pradhan Manfred Buchroithner 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The present study aims to evaluate the field-based approach for the classification of landcover using high-resolution SAR data. TerraSAR-X (TSX) strip mode imagery, coupled with digital ortho-photos (DOPs) with 20 cm spatial resolution was used for landcover classification and parcel mapping respectively. Different filtering and analysis techniques were applied to extract textural information from the TSX image in order to assess the enhancement of the classification accuracy. Several attributes of parcels were derived from the available TSX images in order to define the most suitable parameters discriminating between different landcover types. Then, these attributes were further statistically analysed in order to define separability and thresholds between different landcover types. The results showed that textural analysis resulted in high classification accuracy. Hence, this paper confirms that integrated landcover classification using the textural information of TerraSAR-X has a high potential for landcover mapping. 相似文献
37.
Manfred Wittig 《Acta Astronautica》2009,64(2-3):222-229
The use of the Internet has been grown tremendously within the last decade to more than one billion subscribers. The other five billion people on Earth cannot enjoy the possibilities offered by the Internet.The digital divide is everywhere: in the developing as well as in the developed part of the world.In the developing countries basic communication needs (voice, IP access) need to be provided to a large population not living in cities.In the developed part of the world people residing outside the large cities, on the nice country side, have still difficulties to get broadband access. The reason being, that the investment to install the network infrastructure to this minority part of the population is a major part of the total investment for the network. The benefit for the telecom operators is marginal to get these customers on board.In this paper an analysis of the Internet and satellite development is being presented and based on these historical data a prediction of a possible evolution of satellite communications and broadband access is performed.One result is that the capacity of the GEO ring at the -band alone would allow to provide to each individual on Earth in 2050 (assumed to be 10 billion people) a monthly capacity of about 1 Gbyte for a charge of 1$ per month. 相似文献
38.
Manfred Schidlowski 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1984,4(12):183-193
The characteristic difference of some 20 to 30 ‰ in the 13C/12C rations of reduced (organic) and oxidized (carbonate) carbon as observed in the contemporary environment can be traced back over 3.5 (if not 3.8) Ga of recorded Earth history. There is little doubt that the enrichment of isotopically light carbon in fossil organic matter ultimately derives from the bias in favor of 12C during photosynthetic carbon fixation (notably the RuBP carboxylase reaction of the Calvin cycle). Accordingly, the mainstream of the sedimentary δ 13Corg record can be most reasonably explained as geochemical evidence of the isotope-discriminating properties of the principal CO2-fixing enzymatic reaction of the assimilatory pathway, thus giving eloquent testimony to an extreme degree of evolutionary conservatism in the biochemistry of autotrophic carbon fixation. 相似文献