n-Body problem: Selective effects of triple close approaches

In Celestial Mechanics the triple close approach is a highly unstable phenomenon that leads very often to the formation of a very small binary escaping with a large velocity in the direction opposite to the escape of the third body.That third escaping body is generally either the smallest mass or the second smallest and it implies a very selective effect in star clusters: the lightest stars are statistically the first to be ejected.     

Benefits to world agriculture through remote sensing

Remote sensing of agricultural land permits crop classification and mensuration which can lead to improved forecasts of production. This technique is particularly important for nations which do not already have an accurate agricultural reporting system. Better forecasts have important economic effects. International grain traders can make better decisions about when to store, buy and sell. Farmers can make better planting decisions by taking advantage of production estimates for areas out of phase with their own agricultural calendar. World economic benefits will accrue to both buyers and sellers because of increased food supply and price stabilization.

This paper reviews the econometric models used to establish this scenario and estimates the dollar value of benefits for world wheat as 200 million dollars annually for the United States and 300–400 million dollars anually for the rest of the world.     

Exercise response to simulated weightlessness

Two bed rest analog studies of space flight were performed; one 14 d and the other 28 d in duration. Exercise response was studied in detail during the 28 d study and following both the 14 d and 28 d studies. This paper relates the results of these studies to physiologic changes noted during and following space flight. The most consistent change noted after both bed rest and space flight is an elevated heart rate during exercise. A second consistent finding is a postflight or postbed rest reduction in cardiac stroke volume. Cardiac output changes were variable. The inability to simulate inflight activity levels and personal exercise makes a direct comparison between bed rest and the results from specific space flights difficult.     

Flow of a water jet into vacuum

At certain intervals excess water has to be dumped into space overboard of the Spacelab cabin. For the development of a useful nozzle the behaviour of a water jet flowing into vacuum was investigated experimentally and theoretical interpretations of the flow phenomena which were found are given. The influence of parameters like the shape of the nozzle, the temperature and the gas content of water were studied. At certain test conditions, the jet leaves the nozzle exit in bundled form and ends abruptly bursting into droplets and ice-particles. The “bursting”-mechanism is explained by a sudden boiling of the water in the jet causing the growth of vapor bubbles decomposing the jet. The formation of vapor bubbles is initiated by a superheating of the water of the jet caused by a sudden pressure drop and a cooling at the surface of the jet. The expansion of vapor bubbles in the jet is retarded by surface tension forces which results in a relaxation time for the bursting of the jet. The vapor flow in radial directions of the jet is approximately described by a plane radial source flow. The measurement of the pitot-pressure radially to the jet proves that the vapor flow is supersonic.     

Interaction onde de choc-couche limite laminaire sur un corps de revolution en rotation

(Shock Wave-Laminar Boundary Layer Interaction on a Spinning Axisymmetric Body)—A method is developed to predict the shock wave-laminar boundary layer interaction on an axisymmetric body spinning in axial flow. The integral scheme of Lees, Reeves and Klineberg is used. The Falkner Skan “type” equations is then established for the boundary layer on spinning cylinder and used to construct the polynomial representation of the integral quantities. The independence of the polynomials with respect to the spinning rate is demonstrated. A cylinder of 200 mm diameter with a flare is built and tested up to 5000 rmp in wind tunnel at M = 2.21. The pressure measurements are in good agreement with the theoretical results. The rotation induces the decreasing of the pressure level and boundary layer separation inside the interaction region.     

Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

Soviet proposals on the militarization of space

The USSR has submitted several proposals to the United Nations in recent years which are aimed at avoiding the militarization of outer space. This article examines three of the proposals and evaluates them in the context of existing treaties, to see whether or not they could resolve the political and legal problems which might arise. The reactions of the United Nations General Assembly and individual nations are also considered. The author concludes that several questions regarding the military aspects of space activity are left unresolved by the Soviet proposals.     

二硝酰胺铵(ADN)球形化工艺研究

介绍了近年来国外关于二硝酰胺铵（ADN）球形化的工艺方法，重点讨论了中间介质、分散剂、表面活性剂和热稳定剂的作用及其选择方法。     

Vibration and pulsation processes in feed systems of liquid rocket engines

Pulsation and vibration process in high speed centrifugal pumps and feed lines were investigated. Linear and quadratic relations between pulsation parameters and main factors were obtained. The investigation of turbopump low frequency oscillations showed that the intensity of pulsations is proportional to the pump specific linear size. Linear mathematic models with lumped parameters fairly well demonstrate the vibration influence on low frequency flow pressure vibrations in pumps and feed lines. It is shown that, in some conditions, the pressure oscillation amplitude distribution by the vibrating feed lines length may be characterized by the presence of a node in an intermediate section. A one-dimensional mathematic model based on wave equations proved to be suitable for calculations of vibration and pulsation parameters within a wide frequency range.     

燃气蒸汽式发射系统内弹道若干问题研究

通过对燃气蒸汽式发射动力系统的研究，总结出影响内弹道计算精度的若干因素，并就其中几个影响较大的问题进行了详细的分析，开发研制出了一套用于预估内弹道性能的系统化程序。通过实验数据的比较，验证了适用于内弹道计算的数学物理模型，为燃气蒸汽式发射系统设计提供参考依据。