行政自由裁量权的道德边界

行政自由裁量权的正确行使,不仅离不开法律控制,而且需要设立道德边界。行政自由裁量权的道德边界,由行政主体在行政自由裁量中应当遵循的道德原则所构成。这样的道德原则主要有:平等裁量原则、公正裁量原则和据实裁量原则。行政自由裁量的道德原则,内化为行政主体的道德信念,就可以使行政主体自觉地控制其自由裁量行为。而公众舆论对于行政自由裁量过程的道德监督,则是实现行政自由裁量的道德原则内化的外部条件。     

Controlled experiments from the space shuttle

A study has been carried out to identify the controlled space physics and plasma physics experiments that can be performed from the space shuttle on sortie missions of 7 to 30-day duration. An experiment facility of this type appears to be well-matched to the sortie missions capability, and a technically feasible laboratory can provide a base for an extensive and significant research program to be carried out during the 1980–1990 time period. The laboratory, known as PPEPL, consists of a 33-ft pallet of instruments connected to a 25-ft pressurized control module. Two deployable 50-m booms, two subsatellites, a high power transmitter, a multipurpose high-power accelerator array, a set of deployable canisters for releases, and a gimbaled platform for pointing instruments are the primary systems mounted on the pallet.     

Non-linear resonant excitation of whistler mode waves in the Earth's ionosphere

We examine the resonant non-linear interaction in the Earth's ionosphere of two powerful high frequency radio beams with frequencies f ₁ and f ₂ (both larger than the plasma frequency at F2_max) and wave numbers k ₁ and k ₂ such that a whistler mode wave can be excited with a frequency f ₃ = f ₁ — f ₂ and a wave number k ₃ = k ₁ – k ₂. The feasibility of an effective ground based installation, sited at low latitudes, is discussed and the field strength of the wave emerging from a 10 km wide ionospheric region illuminated by the beams is evaluated for a range of transmitted frequencies, beam orientations and plasma frequencies in the interaction region. It is suggested that the longitude dependence of the enhancement of VLF noise bands detected by the Ariel 3 satellite may be due to a non-linear interaction of this type between any two or more medium wavelength signals from areas where there is a high concentration of commercial broadcasting stations, such as the NE region of the U.S.A.     

Transformation of the Spectrum of a Signal in Communication between Relativistically Moving Inertial Frames

Future space exploration may involve communications between spacecraft moving at relativistic velocities. One of the significant problems associated with such communication is spectral distortion of signals which are propagated between relativistic frames. This distortion is generated by both changing propagation distances and purely relativistic electromagnetic field transformations. In this paper a linear integral transformation is formulated for relating the Fourier spectra of the source antenna excitation current and the resulting incident electric field at the receiving antenna. The kernel of the transformation is evaluated for the case of a steerable source antenna tracking on the advanced receiver position. The transformation is then applied to the case of an ideal thin-wire half-wave dipole source antenna excited by a narrowband, double-sideband modulated current. The specific distortions of spectral spreading and translation are then related to increased bandwidth and upper cutoff frequency requirements of receiving systems in relativistic applications.     

Identification of Aircraft Stability and Control Parameters Using Hierarchical State Estimation

Previous attempts to identify aircraft stability and control derivatives from flight test data, using three-degrees-of-freedom (3-DOF) longitudinal or lateral-directional perturbation equation-of-motion models, suffer from the disadvantage that the coupling between the longitudinal and lateral-directional dynamics has been ignored. In this paper, the identification of aircraft stability parameters is accomplished using a more accurate 6-DOF model which includes this coupling. Hierarchical system identification theory is used to reduce the computational effort involved. The 6-DOF system of equations is first decomposed into two 3-DOF subsystems, one for the longitudinal dynamics and the other for the lateral-directional dynamics. The two subsystem parameter identification processes are then coordinated in such a way that the overall system parameter identification problem is solved. Next, a six-subsystem decomposition is considered. Computational considerations and comparison with the unhierarchically structured problem are presented.     

Models of P/Borrelly: Activity and dust mantle formation

Comet 19P/Borrelly was observed by Deep Space One spacecraft on September 22, 2001 (Soderblom et al., 2002).The DS1 images show a very dark and elongate nucleus with a complex topography; the IR spectra show a strong red-ward slope consistent with a very hot and dry surface (345K to 300K). During DS1 encounter the comet coma was dominated by a prominent jet but most of the comet was inactive, confirming the Earth-based observations that <10% of the surface is actively sublimating. We have developed a thermal evolution model of comet PBorrelly, using a numerical code that is able to solve the heat conduction and gas diffusion equations at the same time across an idealized spherical nucleus ( De Sanctis et al., 1999, 2000; Capria et al., 2000; Coradini et al., 1997a,b). The comet nucleus is composed by water, volatiles ices and dust in different proportions. The refractory component is made by grains that are embedded in the icy matrix. The code is able to account for the dust release, contributing to the dust flux, and the formation of dust mantles on the comet surface. The model was applied to a cometary nucleus with the estimated physical and dynamical characteristics of P/Borrelly in order to infer the status and activity level of a body on such an orbit during the DS1 observation. The comet gas flux, differentiation and thermal behavior were simulated and reproduced. The model results are in good agreement with the DS1 flyby results and the ground based observations, in terms of activity, dust coverage and temperatures of the surface.     

An analysis of temperature fields in rotating fluid

A possible variant presented for solving the equation of motion of a rotating flow is more general with respect to the variants known in the literature. On the basis of the simultaneous solution of the equations of motion and energy, the temperature fields are determined under changes of the rotation nature.     

Anesthesia, surgical aid and resuscitation in manned space missions.

When discussing problems related to medical service in space flight, particular attention should be given to the specific living conditions and changes associated with space flight. In disease and injury, surgery can be provided only after conservative therapy has failed. In this context gnotobiological chambers allowing surgery in aseptic conditions seem promising. A portable set of interchangeable surgical tools should be made of light-weight alloys that can be readily sterilized. Electroanalgesia in combination with auriculoacupuncture as well as peridureal anesthesia may be used as they allow normal operations in autonomous space flight conditions. Changes in the sympatho-adrenal and kallikrein-kinin systems, as well as water-electrolyte balance, should be taken into account in developing methods and means of medical service in critical situations. Special attention should be given to the prevention and treatment of brain edema in view of weightlessness-induced cephalad fluid shifts.     

国产数控机床动态精度技术现状与对策

高档数控机床是支撑航空、航天及能源工程等领域零件加工的关键装备.当前我国已经可以设计和制造各种结构型式的高档数控机床,但是机床的性能与国外先进产品相比仍然存在一定差距,其中高速下的动态误差大是主要差距之一.将动态误差定义为进给轴执行器末端位置相对于指令位置的偏差,并划分为闭环内动态误差和闭环外动态误差两部分.以某国产数...