异辛烷/空气对冲火焰实验与计算分析

为了解决汽油机清洁高效燃烧的难题,需要对汽油的基础燃烧特性进行深入研究。为此选取异辛烷单一组分作为表征燃料,对其预混层流火焰传播速度进行了实验与分析。设计并搭建了适宜液体燃料燃烧的对冲火焰试验台,通过对异辛烷对冲火焰的实验,获得了不同当量比下的无拉伸火焰传播速度,发现随着当量比的增大异辛烷火焰传播速度先增大后减小,在当量比1.1时火焰传播速度达到最大值。在标准大气压、初始温度为378K的工况下,异辛烷最大火焰传播速度为60.9cm/s。利用异辛烷、正庚烷、乙醇三组分燃料着火机理计算了异辛烷火焰传播速度,并针对火焰传播速度进行灵敏度分析,得到了控制异辛烷火焰传播速度的主要基元反应。通过实验结果与计算结果的对比,结合文献中给出的实验数据,对影响异辛烷火焰传播速度的主要因素进行分析,发现初始温度提高、环境压力降低能够使异辛烷燃烧火焰传播速度提高。     

Porphyrin as an ideal biomarker in the search for extraterrestrial life

A key issue in astrobiological research is identifying target molecules that are unambiguously biological in origin and can be easily detected and recognized. We suggest porphyrin derivatives as an ideal target, because these chromophores are global in distribution and found in virtually all living organisms on Earth, including microorganisms that may approximate the early evolution of life on Earth. We discuss the inherent qualities that make porphyrin ideally suited for astrobiological research and discuss methods for detecting porphyrin molecules in terrestrial sedimentary environments. We present preliminary data to support the use of ToFSIMS as a powerful technique in the identification of porphyrins.     

用全球定位系统对近地卫星进行高精度定轨

业已证明近地卫星在地球动力学和海洋学研究方面是非常有用的。但是,一项重要限制是卫星轨道状态的确定精度。一般通过处理由地面跟踪网所获得的无线电跟踪数据进行卫星定轨。使用这种地面无线电技术,目前所能达到的定轨精度为米级。对于地球动力学应用和完成海洋学的研究,必须将大地水准面测定到1m以下。本文研究一种应用GPS的定轨技术,采用新的测量方法和数据处理方法可改善定轨精度。我们利用干涉测量的方法来完成用户卫星的高精度定位。巧妙布置少量地面站,使任何一对地面站和用户星总能看见4颗以上的GPS卫星组成的星座。接着本文介绍了使用无线电干涉测量值定轨的误差分析结果,结果表明通过事后数据处理,用这种技术,卫星位置精度可达到所需要的分米级。给出的结果还表明无线电干涉测量对更精确的地球卫星轨道确定也是很有价值的。     

Magnetism, iron minerals, and life on Mars

A short critical review is provided on two questions linking magnetism and possible early life on Mars: (1) Did Mars have an Earth-like internal magnetic field, and, if so, during which period and was it a requisite for life? (2) Is there a connection between iron minerals in the martian regolith and life? We also discuss the possible astrobiological implications of magnetic measurements at the surface of Mars using two proposed instruments. A magnetic remanence device based on magnetic field measurements can be used to identify Noachian age rocks and lightning impacts. A contact magnetic susceptibility probe can be used to investigate weathering rinds on martian rocks and identify meteorites among the small regolith rocks. Both materials are considered possible specific niches for microorganisms and, thus, potential astrobiological targets. Experimental results on analogues are presented to support the suitability of such in situ measurements.     

Astrobiological considerations for the selection of the geological filters on the ExoMars PanCam instrument

The Panoramic Camera (PanCam) instrument will provide visible-near IR multispectral imaging of the ExoMars rover's surroundings to identify regions of interest within the nearby terrain. This multispectral capability is dependant upon the 12 preselected "geological" filters that are integrated into two wide-angle cameras. First devised by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder team to detect iron oxides, this baseline filter set has remained largely unchanged for subsequent missions (Mars Exploration Rovers, Beagle 2, Phoenix) despite the advancing knowledge of the mineralogical diversity on Mars. Therefore, the geological filters for the ExoMars PanCam will be redesigned to accommodate the astrobiology focus of ExoMars, where hydrated mineral terrains (evidence of past liquid water) will be priority targets. Here, we conduct an initial investigation into new filter wavelengths for the ExoMars PanCam and present results from tests performed on Mars analog rocks. Two new filter sets were devised: one with filters spaced every 50?nm ("F1-12") and another that utilizes a novel filter selection method based upon hydrated mineral reflectance spectra ("F2-12"). These new filter sets, along with the Beagle 2 filter set (currently the baseline for the ExoMars PanCam), were tested on their ability to identify hydrated minerals and biosignatures present in Mars analog rocks. The filter sets, with varying degrees of ability, detected the spectral features of minerals jarosite, opaline silica, alunite, nontronite, and siderite present in these rock samples. None of the filter sets, however, were able to detect fossilized biomat structures and small (<2?mm) mineralogical heterogeneities present in silica sinters. Both new filter sets outperformed the Beagle 2 filters, with F2-12 detecting the most spectral features produced by hydrated minerals and providing the best discrimination between samples. Future work involving more extensive testing on Mars analog samples that exhibit a wider range of mineralogies would be the next step in carefully evaluating the new filter sets.     

Creating a space exploration industry

The article provides an overview of funding for space exploration to the Moon and Mars under NASA's direction, and presents an argument for the creation of a commercial space industry.     

美国固体火箭发动机的可靠性

M.E.李伯曼为美国航空喷气——通用公司的质量保证与可靠性专家,曾经担任过固体发动机分公司的经理和公司主管产品质量保证和试验的副总裁,从事北极星等导弹固体发动机的可靠性与质量管理工作达二十五年之久。1982年5月我宇航学会邀请他到北京讲学,内容主要为发动机的质量保证和可靠性,本文是根据讲课内容整理后摘要选登的。     

一次性使用/空间运输系统火箭轨道转移级的液体推进技术

分析用于各种上面级的轨道转移飞行器(OTV)最佳液体推进设计方案,研究了17.7—26t低地球轨道(LEO)级运载火箭有效载荷级用的高/低压地面可贮存推进系统技术及高性能、低推力低温推进方案.以LEO高度100nmile、比冲340s、质量比0.90为基本标准,通过计算给出质量比在0.88—0.92及比冲在320—500s范围内的性能