Climate model studies of synchronously rotating planets

M stars constitute 75% of main sequence stars though, until recently, their star systems have not been considered suitable places for habitable planets to exist. In this study the climate of a synchronously rotating planet around an M dwarf star is evaluated using a three-dimensional global atmospheric circulation model. The presence of clouds and evaporative cooling at the surface of the planet result in a cooler surface temperature at the subsolar point. Water ice forms at the polar regions and on the dark side, where the minimum temperature lies between -30 degrees C and 0 degrees C. As expected, rainfall is extremely high on the starlit side and extremely low on the dark side. The presence of a dry continent causes higher temperatures on the dayside, and allows accumulation of snow on the nightside. The absence of any oceans leads to higher day-night temperature differences, consistent with previous work. The present study reinforces recent conclusions that synchronously rotating planets within the circumstellar habitable zones of M dwarf stars should be habitable, and therefore M dwarf systems should not be excluded in future searches for exoplanets.     

用于大型固体推进剂火箭发动机的独特点火系统试验

本文介绍了用于大型固体推进剂火箭发动机的组合式无喷管、无壳体点火器方案的设计、分析及试验结果。该点火方案的主要优点是可以把60%左右的点火器消极重量变成药柱有效载荷。点火系统的主装药由点火器周围的发动机前段装药所构成。这段装药又是发动机推进剂药柱的一部分,设计成象一个小的低压无喷管火箭发动机,给主发动机推进剂段提供足够的压力和热流输出以实现发动机点火。前段推进剂的点火由一个比较小的径向排气的BKNO_3烟火剂药片点火器来实现。试验计划需验证三个方面的设计问题:     

用X射线系统检测三叉戟火箭发动机

洛克希德公司研制了一种X射线实时显像系统,用于检测海军C4三叉戟固体火箭发动机。此法比普通X射线系统检测更完全、更均匀、效率高且费用明显降低。这一看法为生产三叉戟导弹第一级发动机的赛奥科尔公司、生产该导弹第二、三级发动机的赫克利斯公司和航空喷气战术系统公司的实验所证明。航空喷气公司利用该系统检测了陆军的霍克导弹发动机和海军通用动力标准导弹发动机。     

MX导弹喷管用先进材料评论 Ⅱ 第一级喷管的先进材料

本文是评论MX导弹喷管先进材料的三篇文章中的第二篇。第一篇文章于1977年4月在SAMPE季刊中发表(译文见“固体火箭技术”1978年第二期第99—105页),综述了MX导弹喷管对材料的要求,叙述了石墨材料的结构、性质和性能之间的关系。本文继续对MX的第一级和第二级发动机喷管所用先进材料进一步进行评价。     

固体推进剂发动机的比冲予示

实际比冲的理论予示方法大家是比较熟悉的.这些方法包括计算由于两相流、扩散、边界层、动能、喷管潜入和不完全燃烧造成的损失。在典型的加铝推进剂中最大的计算损失是两相流损失;由于粒子的大小和分布是不能精确知道的,因此这种计算也就具有最大的不精确性.本文中把由试验数据获得的平均粒子直径与喉径的关系用在固体火箭性能予示程序(SPP)方面,以便予示一系列发动机的推进剂比冲。这些予示与试验结果进行比较。结果指出比冲效率可认为与推进剂的本质有关.此外,试验比冲和比冲效率对发动机和推进剂变量是统计地相关的。这些相关性与较复杂的、较昂贵的理论分析一样准确.除比冲予示外,相关方程在发动机设计最佳化中是有用的。     

Production of neutrons from interactions of GCR-like particles

In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations.     

ESA's Biopan 1--"Vitamin" experiment preliminary results

The purpose of “Vitamin” experiment is to study the efficiency of protective substances on three biological acellular systems aqueous solutions exposed to cosmic radiation in space. The first system “LDL”is a low density lipoprotein. The second is “E2-TeBG complexe” in which estradiol (E2) is bound to its plasmatic carrier protein, testosterone-estradiol binding globulin (TeBG). The third is “pBR 322”, a plasmid. “Vitamin” experiment was accomodated in the Biopan which had been mounted on the outer surface of a Foton retrievable satellite. The experiment was exposed to space environment during 15 days. A stable temperature of about 20 °C was maintained throughout the flight. “Vitamin” experiment preliminary results are presented and discussed.     

Remote assistance experiment during the manned space flight Altair

This remote assistance trial, performed within the framework of the manned space flight Altaïr, was carried out by CADMOS (CNES), with the cooperation of the Sub-directorate of CNES Operational Systems, Medes, LBM of Tours and Christol Consultants. It consisted of supplying the cosmonaut performing the Orthostatism experiment (echograph acquisition) on board the Mir station with realtime assistance by an expert (LBM of Tours) working from the ground on the CADMOS premises. The various steps of the approach followed during the preparation phase are described, as well as the technical means of communication used between the Mir station and CADMOS.     

Mineral and nitrogen balance study: results of metabolic observations on Skylab II 28-day orbital mission

Prediction that the various stresses of flight, particularly weightlessness, would bring about significant derangements in the metabolism of the musculoskeletal system has been based on various observations of long-term immobilized or inactive bed rest. The only attempt at controlled measurement of metabolic changes in space prior to Skylab, a study during the 14-day Gemini VII flight, revealed rather modest losses of important elements. The three astronauts of Skylab II consumed a planned day-by-day, quite constant, dietary intake of major metabolic elements in mixed foods and beverages and provided virtually complete collections of excreta for 31 days preflight, during the 28 days inflight, and for 17 days postflight. Analyses showed that, in varying degree among the crewmen, urinary calcium increased gradually during flight in a pattern similar to that observed in bed-rest studies: the mean plateau peak of urinary calcium excretion in the latter part of flight was double preflight levels. Fecal calcium excretion did not change significantly, but calcium balance, owing to the urinary calcium rise, became either negative or less positive than in preflight measurement. Increased excretion and negative balance of nitrogen and phosphorus indicated appreciable loss of muscle tissue in all three crewmen. Significant losses also occurred inflight in potassium, sodium, and magnesium. Based on the similarity in pattern and degree between these observations and those in bed rest of the losses in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, musculoskeletal integrity would not be threatened in space flights of up to at least 3 months. However, if similar changes occur, indicative of continuing losses of these elements, in the planned Skylab flights for considerably more than 28 days, concern for capable musculoskeletal function should be serious for flights of very many months' duration, and greater research attention will need to be given to development of protective counter-measures.     

下视搜索状态机载MPRF雷达的地杂波模型

中脉冲重复频率雷达工作在空－空下视状态时地杂波对其性能影响极强。从天线主波束和旁瓣上收到的杂波回波会增加虚警数。