我参加美国环境科学学会1981年技术年会

应美国环境科学学会(I、E、S)的邀请,北京强度环境研究所和北京环境工程试验中心的三位同志参加了I、E、S第27届年会。北京强度环境研究所的黄友仙同志在会上宣读了技术论文“模拟瞬态环境的一种方法—快速扫描法”,受到与会者的欢迎。三位同志还在美国西部进行了参观访问。他们感到美国对环境试验工作相当重视。     

固体推进剂点火研究评论

为了确定固体推进剂点火的现有技术水平,本文对该领域的有关文献作了广泛评论,对各种点火理论、实验测量和点火准则作了详细评定研究。为易于进行比较,本文用易懂的表格形式概括了各项研究工作的情况,也讨论了各种重要参数对点火过程的影响。指出了主要技术难点,同时提出了进一步研究的建议。     

高压气动逻辑

引言“气动逻辑”能以多种形式和用普通原理来实现。“气动逻辑”是通过使用压缩空气而不是电作为动力,为工厂和设备提供类似继电器或固体电子逻辑的顺序闭锁和控制功能。“逻辑”要涉及到器件预先规定的操作和将闭锁线路表示为“逻辑图”的绘图习惯和符号。1.历史和发展逻辑线路曾用传统的运动充气组件(通常是与空气压缩设备相连的短管阀)组成,但这样的组件有很多的缺点,如:     

土星磁层顶的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和磁流体表面波

本文采用可压缩磁流体力学近似并选取Voyager-1的观测数据,讨论了土星磁层顶的Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性和磁流体表面波.计算表明,土星磁层随星体自转同磁鞘流之间的速度差,可以在地方时午前、中午和距中午不远的午后磁层顶激发不稳定性;午前和午后区有很强的非对称性.计算所得的波的特性与观测一致.      

M stars as targets for terrestrial exoplanet searches and biosignature detection

The changing view of planets orbiting low mass stars, M stars, as potentially hospitable worlds for life and its remote detection was motivated by several factors, including the demonstration of viable atmospheres and oceans on tidally locked planets, normal incidence of dust disks, including debris disks, detection of planets with masses in the 5-20 M() range, and predictions of unusually strong spectral biosignatures. We present a critical discussion of M star properties that are relevant for the long- and short-term thermal, dynamical, geological, and environmental stability of conventional liquid water habitable zone (HZ) M star planets, and the advantages and disadvantages of M stars as targets in searches for terrestrial HZ planets using various detection techniques. Biological viability seems supported by unmatched very long-term stability conferred by tidal locking, small HZ size, an apparent short-fall of gas giant planet perturbers, immunity to large astrosphere compressions, and several other factors, assuming incidence and evolutionary rate of life benefit from lack of variability. Tectonic regulation of climate and dynamo generation of a protective magnetic field, especially for a planet in synchronous rotation, are important unresolved questions that must await improved geodynamic models, though they both probably impose constraints on the planet mass. M star HZ terrestrial planets must survive a number of early trials in order to enjoy their many Gyr of stability. Their formation may be jeopardized by an insufficient initial disk supply of solids, resulting in the formation of objects too small and/or dry for habitability. The small empirical gas giant fraction for M stars reduces the risk of formation suppression or orbit disruption from either migrating or nonmigrating giant planets, but effects of perturbations from lower mass planets in these systems are uncertain. During the first approximately 1 Gyr, atmospheric retention is at peril because of intense and frequent stellar flares and sporadic energetic particle events, and impact erosion, both enhanced, the former dramatically, for M star HZ semimajor axes. Loss of atmosphere by interactions with energetic particles is likely unless the planetary magnetic moment is sufficiently large. For the smallest stellar masses a period of high planetary surface temperature, while the parent star approaches the main sequence, must be endured. The formation and retention of a thick atmosphere and a strong magnetic field as buffers for a sufficiently massive planet emerge as prerequisites for an M star planet to enter a long period of stability with its habitability intact. However, the star will then be subjected to short-term fluctuations with consequences including frequent unpredictable variation in atmospheric chemistry and surficial radiation field. After a review of evidence concerning disks and planets associated with M stars, we evaluate M stars as targets for future HZ planet search programs. Strong advantages of M stars for most approaches to HZ detection are offset by their faintness, leading to severe constraints due to accessible sample size, stellar crowding (transits), or angular size of the HZ (direct imaging). Gravitational lensing is unlikely to detect HZ M star planets because the HZ size decreases with mass faster than the Einstein ring size to which the method is sensitive. M star Earth-twin planets are predicted to exhibit surprisingly strong bands of nitrous oxide, methyl chloride, and methane, and work on signatures for other climate categories is summarized. The rest of the paper is devoted to an examination of evidence and implications of the unusual radiation and particle environments for atmospheric chemistry and surface radiation doses, and is summarized in the Synopsis. We conclude that attempts at remote sensing of biosignatures and nonbiological markers from M star planets are important, not as tests of any quantitative theories or rational arguments, but instead because they offer an inspection of the residues from a Gyr-long biochemistry experiment in the presence of extreme environmental fluctuations. A detection or repeated nondetections could provide a unique opportunity to partially answer a fundamental and recurrent question about the relation between stability and complexity, one that is not addressed by remote detection from a planet orbiting a solar-like star, and can only be studied on Earth using restricted microbial systems in serial evolution experiments or in artificial life simulations. This proposal requires a planet that has retained its atmosphere and a water supply. The discussion given here suggests that observations of M star exoplanets can decide this latter question with only slight modifications to plans already in place for direct imaging terrestrial exoplanet missions.     

应用虚拟基准站(VRS)技术提高测控系统精度

虚拟基准站 VRS( Virtual Reference Stations)技术是国外近年发展起来的一项新的 GPS差分技术 ,它综合利用多个基准站的测量信息 ,经过精确的误差修正 ,产生一随用户运动的基准站。始终与用户构成短基线差分 ,该技术有效提高了 GPS差分定位的精度 ,并具有获得高精度解的可靠性。文中分析虚拟基准站的原理与关键技术 ,提供部分试验结果 ,对测控系统利用 VRS技术的可行性进行了探讨     

Blewitt周跳探测方法的改进

在精密单点定位中,能否准确可靠地探测载波相位观测量中出现的周跳,直接影响到定位的精度及可靠性。本文概述了Blewitt周跳探测方法的基础原理,并对周跳的探测算法进行了改进,将电离层残差组合观测量一次差的变化是否超限作为周跳存在与否的判断依据。最后利用一段人为加入了几个典型周跳组合的双频观测数据进行验证,结果表明,改进后的算法能准确探测出两个载波上大于1周的任意周跳,提高了周跳探测的准确性。     

三维平壁进气道的特性研究

介绍三维进气道和超声速燃烧冲压式喷气发动机 (SCRAMJET)模型一项实验研究的结果。Scramjet模型由进气道和燃烧室组成 ,此模型组件的设计是为了研究流动结构以获得进气道的特性 ,以及研究燃烧室和进气道、燃料 (氢及碳氢燃料 )点火和燃烧的相互影响。这些试验是在下吹式风洞(M =2 ～ 6,Reunit=( 8～ 54) × 1 0 6)和热射式风洞 (M =6及 7 2 ,Reunit =( 1 0 ～ 32 )× 1 0 6,Tt =1 50 0 ～ 2 50 0K)中进行的。     

A regenerable carbon dioxide removal and oxygen recovery system for the Japanese Experiment Module

The Japanese Space Station Program is now under Phase B study by the National Space Development Agency of Japan in participation with the U.S. Space Station Program. A Japanese Space Station participation will be a dedicated pressurized module to be attached to the U.S. Space Station, and is called Japanese Experiment Module (JEM). Astronaut scientists will conduct various experimental operations there. Thus an environment control and life support system is required. Regenerable carbon dioxide removal and collection technique as well as oxygen recovery technique has been studied and investigated for several years. A regenerable carbon dioxide removal subsystem using steam desorbed solid amine and an oxygen recovery subsystem using Sabatier methane cracking have a good possibility for the application to the Japanese Experiment Module. Basic performance characteristics of the carbon dioxide removal and oxygen recovery subsystem are presented according to the results of a fundamental performance test program. The trace contaminant removal process is also investigated and discussed. The solvent recovery plant for the regeneration of various industrial solvents, such as hydrocarbons, alcohols and so on, utilizes the multi-bed solvent adsorption and steam desorption process, which is very similar to the carbon dioxide removal subsystem. Therefore, to develop essential components including adsorption tank (bed), condenser. process controller and energy saving system, the technology obtained from the experience to construct solvent recovery plant can be easily and effectively applicable to the carbon dioxide removal subsystem. The energy saving efficiency is evaluated for blower power reduction, steam reduction and waste heat utilization technique. According to the above background, the entire environment control and life support system for the Japanese Experiment Module including the carbon dioxide removal and oxygen recovery subsystem is evaluated and proposed.     

飞行器姿态对高动态GPS卫星信号模拟器输出信号的影响

利用 GPS测量空间飞行器飞行轨迹时 ,常因载体姿态变化 ,导致某些 GPS卫星信号中断。如果利用高动态 GPS卫星信号模拟器进行仿真 ,必须考虑这种影响。文中结合飞行器姿态、GPS天线方向图 ,提出一种新的 GPS可见卫星判断和模拟器发射信号电平确定方法 ,适用于火箭、飞机等目标的仿真