Muscle atrophy associated with microgravity in rat: basic data for countermeasures

Morphological, contractile properties and myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of rat soleus muscles were studied after 2 weeks of unloading (HS) and after 2 weeks of HS associated with selective deafferentation (HS + DEAF) at the level L4 and L5. The same significant reductions in muscle mass and tetanic tension were found after HS and HS + DEAF. However, the transformation of the slow-twitch soleus muscle towards a faster type characterized by a decrease in twitch time parameters and an increase in fast-twitch type MHC isoforms in HS did not appear in HS + DEAF conditions. Our results also showed that a pattern similar to firing rate of motoneurones innervating slow-twitch muscles inhibited the slow to fast fiber changes observed during HS. Nevertheless, neither the loss of mass or force output in the HS muscles were prevented by electrostimulation. Immobilization in a stretched position during HS maintained the muscle wet weight, mechanical and electrophoretical characteristics close to control values. We concluded that the decrease in mechanical strains imposed on the muscle during unloading was the main factor for the development of atrophy, while the kinetic changes might be predominantly modulated by the nervous command. These basic data suggested that some experimental conditions such as electrostimulation or stretching, could participate in countermeasure programmes.     

改善推进剂老化和低温物理性质的键合剂系统

新的混合键合剂系统用于端羟基聚丁二烯推进剂配方时,推进剂的高温老化特性和低温物理性质都有很大改善。混合键合剂系统由 MT_4[2.0克分子三-1-(2-甲基氮丙啶)膦化氧、0.7克分子已二酸和0.3克分子酒石酸的反应产物]、HX752[双-间苯二酰-1-(2-甲基)氨丙啶]和 BIDE(丁基亚胺二乙醇)组成,其重量百分含量分别占推进剂组成的0.10～0.20%、0.10～0.20%和0.02～0.05%。     

The Suess-Urey mission (return of solar matter to Earth)

The Suess-Urey (S-U) mission has been proposed as a NASA Discovery mission to return samples of matter from the Sun to the Earth for isotopic and chemical analyses in terrestrial laboratories to provide a major improvement in our knowledge of the average chemical and isotopic composition of the solar system. The S-U spacecraft and sample return capsule will be placed in a halo orbit around the L1 Sun-Earth libration point for two years to collect solar wind ions which implant into large passive collectors made of ultra-pure materials. Constant Spacecraft-Sun-Earth geometries enable simple spin stabilized attitude control, simple passive thermal control, and a fixed medium gain antenna. Low data requirements and the safety of a Sun-pointed spinner, result in extremely low mission operations costs.     

Influence of graviceptives cues at different level of visual information processing: the effect of prolonged weightlessness

We evaluated the influence of prolonged weightlessness on the performance of visual tasks in the course of the Russian-French missions ANTARES, Post-ANTARES and ALTAIR aboard the MIR station. Eight cosmonauts were subjects in two experiments executed pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight sessions.

In the first experiment, cosmonauts performed a task of symmetry detection in 2-D polygons. The results indicate that this detection is locked in a head retinal reference frame rather than in an environmentally defined one as meridional orientations of symmetry axis (vertical and horizontal) elicited faster response times than oblique ones. However, in weightlessness the saliency of a retinally vertical axis of symmetry is no longer significantly different from an horizontal axis. In the second experiment, cosmonauts performed a mental rotation task in which they judged whether two 3-D objects presented in different orientations were identical. Performance on this task is basically identical in weightlessness and normal gravity.     

遥测处理器和图形记录器之间的通用接口

在遥测领域通常使用的图形记录器都经由一系列数一模转换器系统连于遥测处理器上，一种新的模块结构系统直接从处理器广播总线接收数据，并将其分配给１０台数字式图形记录器，该接口由计算机编程，为每个显示通道指定独特的标记，该系统省去ＤＡＣｓ和接插板，它简化了显示系统的工作，加速了从试验到试验的过渡过程并减少了维修费用。     

0.1deg／h DSP控制的光纤陀螺仪

本文叙述了仅由一个高速数字信号处理器（ＤＳＰ）控制的０．１ｄｅｇ／ｈ的光纤陀螺仪（ＦＯＧ）。所有控制回路的采样时间等于光通过传感环圈的传播时间。该装置采用了一个５００米长的光纤传感环圈，工作采用闭环模式。控制和补偿算法由软件完成，并且由一个高速ＤＳＰ执行。该处理器通过一个高速同步串行总线维护通讯协议。该单轴ＦＯＧ是按模块化结构设计的，是ＬＦＫ９５系统的一个基本结构单元；ＬＦＫ９５系统是一个商用低成     

GPS接收机中的数字信号处理技术

GPS接收机信号处理可分为三部分:射频信号处理,同相(I)和正交(Q)信号的估计及其随后处理。本篇回顾了模拟射频信号处理,描述和评价了产生I/Q信号的三种数字信号处理技术(基带、幅度采样中频和相位采样中频),并介绍了能完成其随后处理功能的典型数字信号处理算法。     

对NASA指控中心软件测试度量的评定

软件度量用于软件开发过程和软件产品质量的评定。在NASA航天飞机指挥控制中心(MCC)改造(MCCU)工程的测试阶段,采用了五种度量,除一种度量之外,其它度量均提供了很有用的信息。根据我们的经验,我们建议在软件开发的测试阶段使用这些度量,同时提出另外的侯选度量供进一步研究。     

多目标跟踪研究

一、绪言本项研究的目的在于确定使用配备单面相控天线阵的数字测量雷达(DIR)的经济现实性。选择了一种目标模型和作战场面作为研究对象,然后确定最佳雷达几何使所需扫描角度和所需的功率孔径减到最小。根据给定的雷达——目标几何和假定的所需精密度,导出了雷达功率孔径积。然后根据发射机功率和阵面尺寸的相对成本高低选择最佳结构。最后确定了对DIR所需进行的改装,并估算了系统成本。     

离子镀机理

离子镀是应用于膜沉积工艺的一个常用术语。在该工艺中,基材表面和/或沉积膜受到高能粒子流的作用,足以导致在界面区域或膜与未经轰击沉积情况相比诸多性质的改变。离子镀正是取代溅射沉积、真空蒸发和电镀的一种涂层新工艺。为了对各种沉积技术恰当地选用,有必要了解有关离子镀的基本机理。该文评述了当采用离子镀时,低能离子轰击对表面、界面的形成以及膜的生长的影响。离子镀的许多问题目前仍不明确,因而希望通过呼吁引起对这些问题的重视,科研工作者和工艺学家们能把较多的精力投向研究和控制离子镀工艺。