Metabolic changes in the animals subjected to space flight

The activity of the enzymes involved in aminoacid metabolism (tyrosine aminotransferase, TAT, tryptophan pyrrolase TP, serine dehydratase, SD) with rapid response to glucocorticoids and enzymes requiring for activity increase repeated administration of corticosterone (alanine aminotransferase, ALT, aspartate aminotransferase, AST) in liver, the changes of lipolysis in adipose tissue and the plasma corticosterone levels were studied in rats subjected to space flight (F), in animals from synchron model experiments (SM, simulated conditions of space flight in laboratory) and in intact controls (C). The increase of plasma corticosterone concentration and of the activity of rapidly (TAT, TP, SD) and slowly activating enzymes (ALT, AST) was found in F group 6-10 hr after space flight (18.5 days on biosatellite COSMOS 1129). This suggested the presence of acute-stress (associated primarily with the landing) and chronic stress induced hypercorticosteronemia during the flight. After the short 6-day period of recovery the plasma corticosterone concentrations and the activities of liver enzymes returned to control levels. The exposition of animals to repeated immobilization stress showed higher response of corticosterone levels in flight rats as compared to intact controls. No changes in basal lipolysis were observed in flight rats in comparison to intact controls, however the stimulation of lipolysis by norepinephrine was lower in animals from F and SM groups. This lower response of lipolytic processes to norepinephrine was found in flight animals also after six days period of recovery. These results showed that there are important changes in the regulation of lipolytic processes in adipose tissue of rats after space flight and in the conditions of model experiments.     

一种具有极低交叉极化特性的弯曲口径波纹喇叭

文章详细叙述了具有恒定曲率半径、口径向外扩张的HE_(11)混合模波纹喇叭的设计和特性,以及喇叭馈电所需要的波纹波导模转换器的设计要点。若给定的曲率半径在设计频率f_0处大于波长的1.2倍左右,则交叉极化旁瓣强度随喇叭频率特性而明显变化,且在f_0附近有低于-50dB的极小值。因此,建议在要求极低交叉极化电平的场合下把这种喇叭作为标准喇叭。文中的归一化曲线显示了作为喇叭参数函数的交叉极化、波束宽度和相位中心的位置,当在1.36:1的频带宽度时,并没受到交叉极化性能的限制,而在频带低端边缘附近,受到反射损耗急剧劣化的影响。对于给定的交叉极化电平,其带宽随曲率半径的增大而增加。文中详细讨论了为获得低交叉极化电平而必备的预防措施以及在模转换器设计中的基本原理。     

泛探雷达：一个实施构想

1 前言 当代信号处理结合采用数字波束形成的相控阵技术，就能够开发一种重要的新雷达类型，这类雷达能够在覆盖空间范围内提供连续和不间断的多功能性能。泛探雷达的中心思想是“随时探测各处”（任何时间、任何空间）。最初于1998年给出概述并发表在1999年IEEE雷达会议录中，它要求在“针束状”窄波束连续接收信号的同时，发射波束又照射着宽广的覆盖空间范围。在覆盖空间内或时间上都没有间隙，这样就能在最早时间探测到所有的目标并开始跟踪。从概念上讲，该技术兼备监视、跟踪和武器控制。     

液体火箭发动机的热结构复合材料

20多年来,火箭工程设计人员一直在研究耐高温、抗氧化陶瓷材料的应用可能性,但是这些材料的主要缺点是易碎和抗热壅塞性差.目前工业用碳陶瓷和陶瓷-陶瓷结构复合材料具有很好的弹性和很强的抗热壅塞性能,这重新引起了人们制造高温火箭发动机复合材料部件的兴趣.这类新材料目前正由欧洲动力装备公司(SEP)生产,其名为SEPCARB和CERASEP,它们具有独特的热和机械性能,可以取代难熔金属而应用于可贮存二元推进剂火箭发动机的整体式喷管和推力室.装有这些部件的工艺发动机已经试验成功,从而为下一代火箭发动机的生产铺平了道路.     

军事星中的铷和石英频标准的性能数据——在模拟太空环境中地检和实际轨道中

航天计划中将增加原子频标的使用，以获得精确的时间和稳定的频率。ＧＰＳ系统所具有的卓越的导航功能主要是由系统中采用的原子频标带来的，新一代的军事通信卫星（Ｍｉｓｔａｒ）载有我路复合铷原子频标以满足各种通讯才操作上的需要，第一颗军用通讯卫星，ＤＦＳ－１使用了事和石英晶体振荡器，第二颗军用通讯卫星，１９９５年发射的ＤＦＳ－２，是第一颗使用铷原子频标的军用通讯卫星，这以后发射的卫星都作用了铷原子频标。     

Ll—CFAR—一种灵活的鲁棒设计

本文介绍一种新的恒虚警率（ＣＦＡＲ）处理器。Ｌｌ－ＣＦＡＲ通过对参考集排列样本线性滤波来形成其噪声功率估值；但是，这一组合的权值不仅仅取决于排列，而且还取决于样本与测试单元的相对接近程度。这类Ｌｌ－ＣＦＡＲ中有些能有效检查假目标；有些可以在有杂波边缘时对虚警进行令人信服的控制；而另一些则对这两种不均匀性均具有鲁棒性。当设计中含有这些方案时，它们执行起来不比普通序列统计ＣＦＡＲ（ＯＳ－ＣＦＡＲ）累赘     

Effects of unilateral selective hypergravity stimulation on gait

The purpose of this work is to analyse the neural mechanisms of human motor perturbations induced by dynamic changes in gravity. A unilateral selective hypergravity stimulation (USHS) was produced by stretching an elastic band between the right shoulder and foot. The consequences of the extensor muscle tone change due to the positioning (increased muscular loading) and to its removal (decreased muscular loading) by the elastic band were observed on motor gait skill. Gait spatio-temporal parameters (horizontal displacement of both feet) and lower limb functional length variations (efficiency of flexion and extension movements of the lower limbs) were measured. The latter measure was performed using a device specially designed for that purpose. The main results were: (1) during and after USHS, gait perturbations appeared on the left--the body side not directly stimulated, (2) just after the end of USHS, perturbations were present on the right (homolateral) side evidencing a post treatment effect which caused a decrease in functional shortening of the lower limb during extension and an increase of functional shortening of the lower limb during stance (opposite in sense to the modification observed during swing). Such results afford evidence that, in addition to vestibular receptors, the mechanoreceptors of extensor muscles are involved in determining the changes in motor skills observed at the beginning and at the end of space flights.     

Quantified EEG in different G situations

The electrical activity of the brain (EEG) has been recorded during parabolic flights in trained astronauts and non trained volunteers as well. The Fast Fourier analysis of the EEG activity evidenced more asymmetry between the two brain hemispheres in the subjects who suffered from motion sickness than in the others. However, such a FFT classification does not lead to a discrimination between deterministic and stochastic events. Therefore, a first attempt was made to calculate the dimensionality of "chaotic attractors" in the EEG patterns as a function of the different g-epochs of one parabola. Very preliminary results are given here.     

Autonomic regulation of circulation and cardiac contractility during a 14-month space flight

The space flight of physician cosmonaut V.V. Polyakov, the longest to date (438 days), has yielded new data about human adaptation to long-term weightlessness. Autonomic regulation of circulation and cardiac contractility were evaluated in three experiments entitled Pulstrans, Night, and Holter. In the Pulstrans experiment electrocardiographic (ECG), ballistocardiographic (BCG), seismocardiographic (SCG), and some other parameters were recorded. In the Night experiment, only the ballistocardiogram was recorded, but a special feature of this experiment is that the BCG records were obtained with a contactless method. This method has several advantages, the most important of which are the possibility of studying slow-wave variations in physiologic parameters (ultradian rhythms) on the basis of recordings made under standard conditions over a prolonged period. The Holter experiment (24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring) used a portable cardiorecorder (Spacelab, USA). The obtained electrocardiographic data were used to analyze heart rate variability. In the first 6 months of the 14-month flight, the dynamics of cardiovascular parameters in V.V. Polyakov was virtually the same as in the other cosmonauts. The data obtained after the first 6 months of Polyakov's sojourn in space are unique and mention should be made of at least three important aspects: (1) activation of a new, additional adaptive mechanism in the 8th-9th months of flight, as is evidenced by alterations in the periodicity and power of superslow wave oscillations (ultradian rhythms) reflecting the activity of the subcortical cardiovascular centers and of the higher levels of autonomic regulation; (2) growth of cardiac contractility accompanied by a decrease in heart rate during the last few months of flight; (3) a considerable increase in the daily average values of absolute power of heart rate's variability MF component, which reflects the activity of the vasomotor center. Specific mechanisms of adaptation to weightless conditions appear to be associated with activation of higher autonomic centers. The hypothesis that central levels of circulation regulation are activated in a long-term space flight was investigated by analyzing of ultradian rhythms in nighttime. The data, received during the flight of V. V. Polyakov, show, that the process of human adaptation to long influence of weightlessness consists of a number of consecutive stages, during which the activation of more and more high levels of control system of physiological functions occurs.     

Astronaut-induced disturbances in microgravity

This Note describes the dynamic load sensors (DLS) spaceflight experiment that measured middeck astronaut-induced disturbances during the 14-day STS-62 Space Shuttle mission in March 1994. The DLS experiment was flown in conjunction with the reflight of the Middeck 0-Gravity Dynamics Experiment (MODE). The objective of MODE was to investigate effects of the microgravity environment on large space structures. Where Skylab experiments focused on measuring the forces exerted during vigorous soaring activities, the DLS experiment quantified the reaction forces and moments exerted by the crew going about their normal on-orbit activities. The objective of this Note is to present DLS force data and frequency analysis that characterize astronaut-induced loads during spaceflight.