独联体国家的多数运输机已用完使用寿命

前苏联航空公司使用的中程和远程运输机大约有80％现已用完原定的使用寿命极限,而研制取代机的工作按进度至少推迟了5年。 设在莫斯科的国立民航科学研究院(GosNIGA)汇集的资料表明,苏联现役机队中12％～15％的飞机到1996年应当退役,到2000年有50％的飞机应当退役。 西方对空中安全水平日益关注;俄国人企图采取高收费办法飞日益增多的进口欧美飞机。在这种形势下,日益迫切要求前苏联民用飞机装备序列大规模现代化。 据GosNIGA估计,独联体各国现在有1650架飞机飞中程和远程航     

用双基超宽带合成孔径雷达提取地面动目标信息

讨论了在超宽带波束合成孔径雷达，系统中利用双基天线构造进行地面动目标显示的方法。为了抑制强杂波信号，雷达信道具有同样严格的要求。在双基系统中这些信道是不一样的，作者研究了如何补偿这种双基构造。双基杂波散射的影响是不可能补偿的，因此尝试对地面动目标显示的双基散射影响进行估算。在时域和频域中可把宽天线波束的双基合成孔径转换成单元基合成孔径。雷达信道间的失配会引起杂波泄漏，明确了时域和频域脉冲压缩冲激响应泄漏。     

强迫振荡理论

本文给出了基于基本守恒方程的一维轴向稳定分析。分析方法与经典方法不同,区别在于利用一些显式关系项来说明在固体推进剂火箭发动机中声学系统与各种结构、燃烧和呈现的流动现象之间的相互作用。此外,本文处理控制方程的方式也与经典的方法不同,即得到声学系统正态模型的稳定性余量和固有频率的方法与经典方法不一样。本文给出了用这种分析方法研究相互作用的一个例子。这就是试验台轴向振动与声学系统压力振荡之间的相互作用。结果表明,如果振荡频率和振幅需要精确地确定的话,各单个系统即声学和试验台结构不能再单独地考虑。     

CROCODILE: an automated apparatus for organic crystal growth from solution

CROCODILE (CROissance de Cristaux Organiques par DIffusion Liquide dans l'Espace) is a space instrument dedicated to crystal growth from solution. The selected material N (4 nitrophenyl) (L) prolinol (NPP) is the result of studies on organic crystal in the frame of an extended program initiated by CNES for many years. The apparatus was flown aboard PHOTON, an automatic satellite, in April 1990, for a flight duration of more than 15 days. This paper describes the instrument design, with emphasis on specific and original technology well adapted to crystal growth from solution, and extendable to any space experiment on fluids. Preliminary details of the flight campaign will also be discussed.     

Novel laboratory approaches to multi-purpose aquatic bioregenerative closed-loop food production systems

Based on the construction principle of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) two novel combined animal-plant production systems were developed in laboratory scale the first of which is dedicated to mid-term operation in closed state up to two years. In principle both consist of the "classic" C.E.B.A.S. subcomponents: animal tank (Zoological Component), plant cultivators (Botanical Component), ammonia converting bacteria filter (Microbial Component) and data acquisition/control unit (Electronical Component). The innovative approach in the first system is the utilization of minimally three aquatic plant cultivators for different species. In this one the animal tank has a volume of about 160 liters and is constructed as an "endless-way system" surrounding a central unit containing the heat exchanger and the bacteria filter with volumes of about 1.5 liters each. A suspension plant cultivator (1 liter) for the edible duckweed Wolffia arrhiza is externally connected. The second plant cultivator is a meandric microalgal bioreactor for filamentous green algae. The third plant growth facility is a chamber with about 2.5 liters volume for cultivation of the "traditional" C.E.B.A.S. plant species, the rootless buoyant Ceratophyllum demersum. Both latter units are illuminated with 9 W fluorescent lamps. In the current experiment the animal tank contains the live-bearing teleost fish Xiphophorus helleri and the small pulmonate water snail Biomphalaria glabrata because their physiological adaptation to the closed system conditions is well known from many previous C.E.B.A.S. experiments. The water temperature is maintained at 25 degrees C and the oxygen level is regulated between 4 and 7 mg/l by switching on and off the plant cultivator illuminations according to a suitable pattern thus utilizing solely the oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The animals and the microorganisms of filter and biofilm provide the plants with a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide. Oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and redox potential are on-line recorded. Ion concentrations and numbers of living germs in the system water are determined twice monthly in the laboratory from samples taken from a special "sample removal module"; the sample volume is automatically replaced from an reservoir container. A rotatory pump produces a water flow of about 38 l/min. For a similar smaller test system with approx. 10 l volume developed from the C.E.B.A.S.-MINI-MODULE a novel indirect solar energy supply is tested which has a buffer capacity to maintain the system for 7 days in darkness under central European climate conditions also in winter. It contains only a single plant cultivator which is operated with Wollfia arrhiza. This lemnacean plant is able to produce large amounts of plant biomass in a short time by vegetative reproduction via daughter fronds. This easy-to-handle apparatus is dedicated to be operative more than 4 month. The experimental animals and microorganisms are the same as in the large system. The paper provides detailed information on the system construction principles and the biological, physical and chemical data of the initial phase of the test runs of both systems with the main focus on the large one.     

振荡器的计算机辅助设计与组装

本文综述了贝尔实验室在应用计算机方面的经验,包括模拟和设计、数据采集、数据分析、元件选择和其它各种各样的工作。过去,石英晶体振荡器可以很容易地应用线性电路模型来模拟。虽然存在非线性模型(例如,Spicc.Capitol等),但它们不能被用来对晶体振荡器进行闭环分析,因为其中包括有高Q参数。然而最近Waterloo大学研究的WATAND程序已变得很有效并可适用于石英晶体振荡器的闭环非线性分析。在贝尔实验室,线性和非线性两种分析程序正用于评价新设计,同时特别注意元件变化对工艺的影响。计算机完成原始数据采集任务的方法是对温度补偿晶体振荡器进行频率温度测量。附加的应用是对振荡器进行最后的室温检验,以便确定波形特征、功率损耗、电源灵敏性和频率牵引范围(对于压控晶体振荡器)。应用实时元件选择的方法有助于把电阻组合选择来与根据温度试验数据的分析所确定的数值相适应。在压控晶体振荡器和温度补偿压控晶体振荡器中,用实时元件选择的方法来调整变容二极管的工作点,使频率一电压牵引特性最佳。其他应用包括:对性能数据进行统计分析,以便于计划产量;使用模-数和数-模变换器模拟数字补偿流程图来与以微处理器为基础的计算机相对接,以及模拟双转角晶体切型的温度特性。