机载雷达的多个分辨率信号处理技术

合成孔径雷达（SAR）利用通过时间积累和自身的运动所获得的很高空间分辨率，可以降低某一给定分辨单元中的背景杂波功率，从而探测出非运动目标。而地面动目标显示（GMTI）雷达为了探测则采用低得多的分辨处理，利用的是实际孔径与动目标和杂波之间的空．时响应的相对差别。因此，SAR和GMTI代表了两种不同的时间处理分辨尺度，它们对探测固定（在SAR情况下）或者外围杂波中的（在GMTI情况下）目标来说是最佳的，并已经单独验证过，能够很好地工作。基于机载雷达数据处理的这种多个分辨率说明，就有可能研究出一种探测技术，该技术将着手优化信号处理分辨尺度（比如时间积累的长度）来与所关注目标的动态情况相匹配。本文研究怎样利用长相参处理时间间隔（CPI）的信号处理技术来改善GMTI雷达的探测性能。     

The SERENDIP piggyback SETI project

The SERENDIP project is an ongoing program of monitoring and processing broadband radio signals acquired by existing radio astronomy observatories. SERENDIP operates in a piggyback mode: it makes use of whatever observing plan (sequence of frequencies, sky coordinates, and polarizations) is under way at its host observatory. Moreover, the SERENDIP data acquisition system, once installed, operates autonomously. This approach makes it possible to obtain large amounts of high quality observing time in a manner that is economical and that does not adversely affect ongoing radio astronomy survey work. The SERENDIP II system has been installed at the NRAO 300-foot telescope at Green Bank, West Virginia, and has operated there for several thousand hours. In this report, we summarize our findings from these observations and describe the present status of the project. Two key elements of SERENDIP are the automated data acquisition system that uses adaptive thresholds and logs only statistically significant peaks in the real-time power spectra, and the subsequent off-line analysis programs that identify and reject a variety of interference signals. Several specific correlations have been identified that offer promise. At present, the development and testing of these interference rejection algorithms is the main thrust of our work.     

机载雷达系统中的空—时自适应处理

本文概述了空—时自适应处理(STAP)在现代雷达系统中，尤其是在强干涉和人为干扰下的机载雷达系统中的应用情况。简要介绍处理方法后，叙述了STAP在导致非平稳信号环境的热杂波和非均匀雷达环境中STAP的应用结果。分析了在这种实际情况下采用STAP处理所存在的局限。结尾部分为使用圆形阵列所得到的一些STAP近期结果。     

高分辨力机载毫米波FM-CW SAR的研发

紧凑的FM—CW（调频-连续波）雷达技术和高分辨力SAR（合成孔径雷达）处理技术的结合将为体积小、重量轻且性价比高的成像雷达的发展铺平道路。然而，在空中观察地球表面这一领域中，将SAR用于FM—CW雷达是比较新颖的。通信传输和雷达国际研究中心（IRCTR）启动了一项关于FM—CW SAR的可行性研究。在该研究项目框架中，开发并测试了一种完全运转的机载FM—CW SAR验证系统。文中综述了地面测试的情况。此外，2004年6月在柏林附近的Strausberg机场进行了一次非常成功的空中试验。本文将介绍这些机载试验的初步结果。     

在直升机平台上进行高分辨率SAR／ISAR成像

海上监视对高分辨率雷达成像模式特别感兴趣。在海上监视应用中，可以使用高分辨率雷达成像模式来支持对已经用传统搜索功能和跟踪功能检测到的海面目标的分类和可能的识别。     

Humans to Mars: a feasibility and cost-benefit analysis

Mars is a compelling astrobiological target, and a human mission would provide an opportunity to collect immense amounts of scientific data. Exploration alone, however, cannot justify the increased risk. Instead, three factors drive a human mission: economics, education, and exploration. A human mission has a unique potential to inspire the next generation of young people to enter critically needed science and engineering disciplines. A mission is economically feasible, and the research and development program put in place for a human mission would propel growth in related high-technology industries. The main hurdles are human physiological responses to 1–2 years of radiation and microgravity exposure. However, enabling technologies are sufficiently mature in these areas that they can be developed within a few decade timescale. Hence, the decision of whether or not to undertake a human mission to Mars is a political decision, and thus, educational and economic benefits are the crucial factors.     

Ozone concentrations and ultraviolet fluxes on Earth-like planets around other stars

Coupled radiative-convective/photochemical modeling was performed for Earth-like planets orbiting different types of stars (the Sun as a G2V, an F2V, and a K2V star). O(2) concentrations between 1 and 10(-5) times the present atmospheric level (PAL) were simulated. The results were used to calculate visible/near-IR and thermal-IR spectra, along with surface UV fluxes and relative dose rates for erythema and DNA damage. For the spectral resolution and sensitivity currently planned for the first generation of terrestrial planet detection and characterization missions, we find that O(2) should be observable remotely in the visible for atmospheres containing at least 10(-2) PAL of O(2). O(3) should be visible in the thermal-IR for atmospheres containing at least 10(-3) PAL of O(2). CH(4) is not expected to be observable in 1 PAL O(2) atmospheres like that of modern Earth, but it might be observable at thermal-IR wavelengths in "mid-Proterozoic-type" atmospheres containing approximately 10(-1) PAL of O(2). Thus, the simultaneous detection of both O(3) and CH(4) - considered to be a reliable indication of life - is within the realm of possibility. High-O(2) planets orbiting K2V and F2V stars are both better protected from surface UV radiation than is modern Earth. For the F2V case the high intrinsic UV luminosity of the star is more than offset by the much thicker ozone layer. At O(2) levels below approximately 10(-2) PAL, planets around all three types of stars are subject to high surface UV fluxes, with the F2V planet exhibiting the most biologically dangerous radiation environment. Thus, while advanced life is theoretically possible on high-O(2) planets around F stars, it is not obvious that it would evolve as it did on Earth.     

Dosimetric measurements in manned missions

Detector packages consisting of thermoluminescence detectors (TLDs), nuclear emulsions and plastic nuclear track detectors were exposed in different sections of the MIR space station, inside the Spacelab during the IML1 mission, and inside Spacelab module and tunnel during the D2 mission. This report concentrates on total dose measurements with TLDs during these mission. The results are discussed and compared to results of former missions and to calculations. Finally, dose equivalents and mean quality factors for each mission are presented which are derived from the TLD results and results obtained from the other detector systems. Dose equivalents range between 200 μSvd⁻¹ and 700 μSvd⁻¹.     

中心孔药柱中燃速的径向变化

大西洋研究公司提出了一种分析固体发动机药柱燃烧状况的计算机程序化方法,本法可直接计算局部燃速对已燃药厚的平均燃速的比。包括使用标准批检验发动机的某些特殊试验在内,对几种不同构形的中心孔药柱燃速比的药厚变化效应(“虹效应”)及数值进行了评估。分析表明这种燃速比的药厚效应是由制造方法引起的.实际上与尺寸、长径比、控制温度、燃速和药厚等发动机参数无关。提出了一种假说,认为此种药厚效应的起因与推进剂富粘合剂层的条痕结构有关,而条痕的形状又与制造方法及药柱构形有关。迄今积累的数据表明,对圆孔药柱而言,事先固定芯子的装药比先浇注后插入芯子的装药燃速约高3—4%。药柱上的各种槽沟往往限制了各点虹效应的精度确定,尽管在全部的构形中均可看到总的虹效应,且最大与最小值的差一般均在3—6%范围内变动。本文给出了各种发动机的燃速比数据,其推进剂重量从10磅左右至2000磅,长径比1:1至8:1,药厚从小于1英寸到大于7英寸,药形有槽管状、锥柱状、一端和两端的圆柱状。     

火箭喷管的二维两相流

本文介绍了编制一组解轴对称喷管气体/粒子流动方程组的计算机程序的进展情况。已经编写了两个程序,是用来解喷管喉部跨声速区的方程组的。第一个程序把两相流体看成是一种具有修正等熵指数和修正分子量的重理想气体,并解跨声速等熵流动方程组,得到的初始流场形状作为第二个程序的输入。第二个程序包含有气体/粒子混合物非平衡效应。这两个程序为进行超声速计算提供准确的初始线数据,这些数据将用作第三个程序的输入。第三个程序是解喷管超声速区两相流动方程组的,不久即将写成。