New results for the space radiation environment of MIR space station obtained by Liulin dosimeter-radiometer. Comparison with LET spectrometer NAUSICAA

Since 1988 high sensitivity semiconductor dosimeter-radiometer “Liulin” worked on board of MIR space station. Device measured the absorbed dose rate and the flux of penetrating particles. The analysis of the data hows the following new results:

In October 1989 and after March 24, 1991, two additional stable maximums in flux channel were observed in the southern-eastern part of South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). These two maximums existed at least several months and seem to be due to trapped high energy electron and proton fluxes. In April 1991 additional maximums were localized in the following geographical coordinates regions: LATITUDE = (−35 °)–(−50 °) LONGITUDE = 332 ° − 16 ° and lat.(−46 °)–(−52 °) long. 360 ° − 60 °. Additional maximums diffusion occurs inside radiation belt. Appearance of these maximums seems to be closely connected with preceding powerful solar proton events and associated geomagnetic dynamics of new belt disturbances. After the series of solar proton events in June 1991 we observed significant enhancement of this new radiation belt formation. To achieve sufficient accuracy of dose rate predictions in low Earth orbits the structure and dynamics of new belt should be carefully analyzed to be included in a new environment model.

From the inter comparison of the data from “Liulin” and French developed tissue equivalent LET spectrometer NAUSICAA in the time period August–November 1992 we come to the following conclusions: Mainly there is good agreement between both data sets for absorbed dose in the region of SAA; Different situation of the instruments on the station can explain the cases when differences up to 2 times are observed; At high latitudes usually the tissue equivalent absorbed dose observations are 2 times larger than “Liulin” doses.     

Adaptational changes in the neural control of cardiorespiratory function in a confined environment: the CNEC#3 experiment

The goal of the study was to characterize the changes in neurovegetative control of the circulation, attending the presumed physiological and psychological stress originated by the isolation and confinement typical of the living condition of space stations, as simulated in a ground based unit, using time and frequency domain analysis. As a secondary goal we sought to verify the implementation of real time data acquisition, for off line spectral analisys of R-R interval, systolic arterial pressure (by Finapres) and respiration (by PVF2 piezoelectric sensors).

We addressed the cardiorespiratory and neurovegetative responses to standardized, simple Stressors (active standing, dynamic and static handgrip) on the EXEMSI 92 crew, before, during and after the isolation period.

On average the appropriate excitatory responses (to stand, dynamic and static handgrip) were elicited also in isolation and confinement.

Active standing and small masses muscular exercises are easy to be performed in a confined and isolated environment and provide a valuable tool for investigating the adaptational changes in neural control mechanisms.

The possibility there exists of using this time and frequency domain approach to monitor the level of performance and well being of the space crew in (quasi) real time.     

欧洲计算流体力学——个人观点

介绍了70年代初到20世纪末欧洲科学家对CFD发展的主要贡献,并重点关注了对国际流体力学数值方法会议(ICNMFD)和国际计算力学学术会议(ISCFD)的成功举办具有重大贡献的科学家.ICNMFD始于1969年(新西伯利亚),由参与了美国和苏联太空竞赛的两国科学家联合创办,而ISCFD则作为ICNMFD在亚太地区的同类会议初创于1995年(东京).由Oshima教授和本人提议,得益于上述两个会议全体科学委员会成员的共同努力,ICNMFD和ISCFD自2000年开始,合并成为每两年举办一次的国际计算流体力学会议(ICCFD).绝大部分本文讨论所涉及的学者通常都在受邀进行大会报告后,成为了前述三大国际会议中的一个或多个科学委员会的成员.作者对文中讨论所涉及的研究人员的圈定负有全权责任,上述人员的选择更多地基于应用而非理论计算流体力学,因此尚存在不完善之处.此外由于文中所讨论的学者大都是作者在40多年计算流体力学研究生涯中的私交好友,因此并没有将年轻一代的科学家考虑进来,但这并非由于他们的贡献不重要.另外值得注意的是欧洲的计算流体力学同美国的计算流体力学有非常紧密的联系,本文讨论所涉及的研究学者有些最早从欧洲开始涉足计算流体力学而现在则生活和工作于美国(例如Glowinski,Roe,Van Leer等人),而有些则是在美国取得了博士学位(例如Launder,Napolitano),他们都同美国的科学家进行过合作,因此很难清晰地对欧洲和美国的计算流体力学进行界定.对那些现已移居美国的欧洲科学家们,本文优先考虑了他们移居之前的贡献.最后但并非是最不重要的,作者通过电子邮件一一联系了文中所涉及的科学家,希望他们本人能够给出其自身贡献的评价草稿,从而帮助作者以最权威的视角在文中相应章节对其工作进行评述.本文向提供自述评价的诸位致以谢意,同时也希望其他同仁能够对本人不恰当的擅自评述给予谅解.     

含摩擦和加热的跨声速流动数值模拟研究

喷管中跨声速流动的反应流体动力学是实验和理论研究的一个重要领域.本文主要由两部分构成,在第一部分中对文献[2]中的Murman格式[1]的一般形式进行了简化,得到了守恒形式的欧拉方程,并对其求解方法进行了讨论,同时针对Chattot等的工作展开了分析,并给出了带激波的流动计算结果;而文章的第二部分则研究了包含摩擦、加热以及耗散的跨声速流动,并重点关注了一步Arrhenius化学反应模型下的爆震现象.本文还探究了摩擦力和带燃烧的跨声速流动之间的相互作用,同时详细给出了新的欧拉方程数值求解算法并同已有文献算例进行了对比验证.     

Lick Observatory Optical SETI: targeted search and new directions

Lick Observatory's Optical SETI (search for extraterrestrial intelligence) program has been in regular operation for 4.5 years. We have observed 4,605 stars of spectral types F-M within 200 light-years of Earth. Occasionally, we have appended objects of special interest, such as stars with known planetary systems. We have observed 14 candidate signals ("triple coincidences"), all but one of which are explained by transient local difficulties. Additional observations of the remaining candidate have failed to confirm arriving pulse events. We now plan to proceed in a more economical manner by operating in an unattended drift scan mode. Between operational and equipment modifications, efficiency will more than double.     

Effect on the cardiac function of repeated LBNP during a 1-month head down tilt

Cardiovascular assessment by ultrasound methods was performed during two long duration (1 month) Head Down Tilt (HDT) on 6 healthy volunteers. On a first 1 month HDT session, 3 of the 6 subjects (A, B, C) had daily several lower body negative pressure tests (LBNP), whereas the 3 subjects remaining (D, E, F) rested without LBNP. On a second 1 month HDT session subjects D, E, and F had daily LBNP tests and the A, B and C subjects did not. The cardiac function was assessed by Echocardiography, (B mode, TM mode). On all the "6 non LBNP" subjects the left ventricule diastolic volume (LVDV), the stroke volume (SV) and the cardiac output (CO) increase (+10%, -15%) after HDT then decrease and remain inferior (-5%, -5%) or equal to the basal value during the HDT. Immediately after the end of the HDT the heart rate (HR) increase (+10%, +30%) whereas the cardiac parameters decrease weakly (-5%, -10%) and normalize after 3 days of recovery. On the "6 LBNP" subjects the LVDV, SV and CO increase (+10%, 15%) after 1 h HDT as in the previous group then decrease but remain superior (+5%, +15%) or equal to the basal value. After the HDT session, the HR is markedly increased (+20%, +40%) the LVDV and SV decrease (-15%, -20%) whereas the CO increases or decreases depending on the amplitude of the HR variations. These parameters do not completely normalize after 3 day's recovery. Repeated LBNP sessions have a significant effect on the cardiovascular function as it maintains all cardiac parameters above the basal value. The LBNP manoeuvre can be considered as an efficient countermeasure to prevent cardiac disadaptation induced by HDT position and probably microgravity.     

HMX复合推进剂燃烧模型计算

本文建立了一个描述 HMX 复合推进剂燃烧特性的模型。该模型基于以下几个重要概念:1.氧化剂和粘合剂具有不同的表面温度;2.能处理由三种不同粒度级配的氧化剂,3.取时间平均方法来计算推进剂燃速,而不取大多数 BDP 类模型所用的空间平均计算燃速的方法,时间平均方法之要点是考虑了氧化剂的点火延迟时间;4.根据修正的 Burke—Sehumann 扩散火     

火箭发动机聚氨酯包复层配方

本发明叙述制造固体推进剂发动机用的聚氨酯配方,着重叙述火箭发动机燃烧室即壳体的完全固化包复层。由于种种原因,固体推进剂发动机需要有包复层,使发动机壳体具有不透气性;在壳体与推进剂之间形成一层绝热薄膜;并作为壳体与推进剂之间增强推进剂粘结的中间层。业已     

CASH 2021: commercial access and space habitation

Issues about commercialization of space have been a growing concern in the past decade for the space community. This paper focuses on the work from a team of 51 students attending the Summer Session Program of the International Space University in Bremen, Germany. CASH 2021 (Commercial Access and Space Habitation) documents a plan that identifies commercial opportunities for space utilization that will extend human presence in space, and will chart the way forward for the next 20 years. The group selected four commercial sectors that show the most promise for the future: tourism, entertainment, space system service, assembly and debris removal, and research and development/production. The content of this document presents the results of their research. Historical activities in each of the commercial sectors are reviewed along with the current market situation. To provide a coherent background for future commercialization possibilities a scenario has been developed. This scenario includes a postulated upon ideal future and includes social, political and economic factors that may affect the space industry over the timeline of the study. The study also presents a roadmap, within the limited optimistic scenario developed, for the successful commercialization of space leading to future human presence in space. A broad range of commercially viable opportunities, not only within the current limits of the International Space Station, but also among the many new developments that are expected by 2021 are discussed.