微型机械音叉陀螺的测试结果

德雷珠实验室与洛克威尔公司正联合采用微加工技术开发一种机动车上用的体积小、成本低的单晶体音叉陀螺。这种陀螺坚固耐用，本身具有平衡性，且容易生产。     

运用数字信号处理技术的转动速率检测和补偿

光纤陀螺研制的头十年重点主要放在光学元件的性能上；现在越来越多的注意力已转移到生产、装配过程，在恶劣环境下的性能，以及很重要的成本上。受温度、噪声和其他因素影响的模拟电路被较复杂的数字线路板所取代，原因是数字线路板有较高的性能、较小的空间和较低的成本。线路板还能进行温度效应的补偿并能满足用户的特殊要求，例如除角度速率外，还要求对角速率进行积分求得角度。     

多载波跳频TDMA系统中信道再分配算法

本文阐述了一种多载波跳频ＴＤＭＡ系统信道再分配的有效方法。在ＭＣＨ－ＴＤＭＡ系统中，信道由两个自由参数确定；载波频率和时隙。本文引入了呼叫重叠链的新概念。在重叠逻中，来自同一发站和去向同一收站的有关呼叫编成领接的呼叫流。     

苏联第一代洲际弹道导弹的终结

13日开始研制的P-16洲际导弹（SS-7）的第一次试验发射。当时,技术人员正在发射塔架上有条不紊地进行着发射前通常的准备工作,导弹燃料加注后没有迹象显示有任何不寻常之处。     

基于任务规划的有限推力燃料最优交会

给出了空间交会冲量机动任务规划及基于该任务规划的有限推力燃料最优交会算法。首先,以双冲量空间交会作为问题的初步模型,采用Battin-Vaughan算法对追踪器初始位置和飞行时间的组合进行遍历计算,通过分析特征速度等值线图,进行空间交会的任务规划,为有限推力燃料最优交会提供重要的初值条件。基于任务规划分析,建立了有限推力燃料最优交会的最优控制模型,根据庞特里亚金极值原理将最优控制问题转化为两点边值问题,采用共轭梯度算法进行数值求解。在变轨时间固定、连续变推力的情况下,以总冲最小、满足终端位置和速度约束为指标,对推力大小和方向进行优化。通过数值仿真,得到了一些重要的结论,为工程应用提供了一定参考价值。     

The definition of life: a brief history of an elusive scientific endeavor

In spite of the spectacular developments in our understanding of the molecular basis that underlies biological phenomena, we still lack a generally agreed-upon definition of life, but this is not for want of trying. Life is an empirical concept; and, as suggested by the many unsuccessful efforts to define it, this task is likely to remain, at best, a work in progress. Although phenomenological characterizations of life are feasible, a precise definition of life remains an elusive intellectual endeavor. This is not surprising: as Nietszche once wrote, there are concepts that can be defined, whereas others only have a history. The purpose of this essay is to discuss some of the manifold (and often unsatisfactory) definitions of life that have been attempted from different intellectual and scientific perspectives and reflect, at least in part, the key role that historical frameworks play. Although some efforts have been more fruitful, the lack of an all-embracing, generally agreed-upon definition of life sometimes gives the impression that what is meant by life's origin is defined in somewhat imprecise terms and that several entirely different questions are often confused. The many attempts made to reduce the nature of living systems to a single living compound imply that life can be so well defined that the exact point at which it started can be established with the sudden appearance of the first replicating molecule. On the other hand, if the emergence of life is seen as the stepwise (but not necessarily slow) evolutionary transition between the non-living and the living, then it may be meaningless to draw a strict line between them.     

重力跳动对多相流体系统的影响

研究了重力跳动对液桥表面及内部流体流动的影响, 以期明确重力跳动对多相流体系统的作用效果. 理论研究表明, 当重力跳动作用于液桥时, 液桥反响频率的大小取决于液桥尺寸和物性参数; 实验研究显示重力跳动引入的液桥表面振动、液桥内部流动与温度振动之间存在着三角耦合关系; 数值模拟结果揭示了重力跳动作用于液桥时液桥内部流体的流动结构. 另外, 对理论、实验与数值模拟结果进行了对比验证, 得到了吻合一致的结果.      

The PROCESS experiment: exposure of amino acids in the EXPOSE-E experiment on the international space station and in laboratory simulations

To understand the chemical behavior of organic molecules in the space environment, amino acids and a dipeptide in pure form and embedded in meteorite powder were exposed in the PROCESS experiment in the EXPOSE-E facility mounted on the European Technology Exposure Facility (EuTEF) platform on board the International Space Station (ISS). After exposure to space conditions for 18 months, the samples were returned to Earth and analyzed in the laboratory for reactions caused by solar UV and cosmic radiation. Chemical degradation and possible racemization and oligomerization, the main reactions caused by photochemistry in the vacuum ultraviolet domain (VUV, wavelength range 100-200?nm for photon energy from 6.2 to 12.4?eV) were examined in particular. The molecules were extracted and derivatized by silylation and analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) to quantify the rate of the degradation of the compounds. Laboratory exposure in several wavelength ranges from UV to VUV was carried out in parallel in the Cologne Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) Center and Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM) laboratories. The results show that resistance to irradiation is a function of the chemical nature of the exposed molecules and the wavelengths of the UV light. The most altered compounds were the dipeptide, aspartic acid, and aminobutyric acid. The most resistant were alanine, valine, glycine, and aminoisobutyric acid. Our results also demonstrate the protective effect of meteorite powder, which reemphasizes the importance of exogenic contribution to the inventory of prebiotic organics on early Earth.