强迫振荡理论

本文给出了基于基本守恒方程的一维轴向稳定分析。分析方法与经典方法不同,区别在于利用一些显式关系项来说明在固体推进剂火箭发动机中声学系统与各种结构、燃烧和呈现的流动现象之间的相互作用。此外,本文处理控制方程的方式也与经典的方法不同,即得到声学系统正态模型的稳定性余量和固有频率的方法与经典方法不一样。本文给出了用这种分析方法研究相互作用的一个例子。这就是试验台轴向振动与声学系统压力振荡之间的相互作用。结果表明,如果振荡频率和振幅需要精确地确定的话,各单个系统即声学和试验台结构不能再单独地考虑。     

CROCODILE: an automated apparatus for organic crystal growth from solution

CROCODILE (CROissance de Cristaux Organiques par DIffusion Liquide dans l'Espace) is a space instrument dedicated to crystal growth from solution. The selected material N (4 nitrophenyl) (L) prolinol (NPP) is the result of studies on organic crystal in the frame of an extended program initiated by CNES for many years. The apparatus was flown aboard PHOTON, an automatic satellite, in April 1990, for a flight duration of more than 15 days. This paper describes the instrument design, with emphasis on specific and original technology well adapted to crystal growth from solution, and extendable to any space experiment on fluids. Preliminary details of the flight campaign will also be discussed.     

Novel laboratory approaches to multi-purpose aquatic bioregenerative closed-loop food production systems

Based on the construction principle of the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) two novel combined animal-plant production systems were developed in laboratory scale the first of which is dedicated to mid-term operation in closed state up to two years. In principle both consist of the "classic" C.E.B.A.S. subcomponents: animal tank (Zoological Component), plant cultivators (Botanical Component), ammonia converting bacteria filter (Microbial Component) and data acquisition/control unit (Electronical Component). The innovative approach in the first system is the utilization of minimally three aquatic plant cultivators for different species. In this one the animal tank has a volume of about 160 liters and is constructed as an "endless-way system" surrounding a central unit containing the heat exchanger and the bacteria filter with volumes of about 1.5 liters each. A suspension plant cultivator (1 liter) for the edible duckweed Wolffia arrhiza is externally connected. The second plant cultivator is a meandric microalgal bioreactor for filamentous green algae. The third plant growth facility is a chamber with about 2.5 liters volume for cultivation of the "traditional" C.E.B.A.S. plant species, the rootless buoyant Ceratophyllum demersum. Both latter units are illuminated with 9 W fluorescent lamps. In the current experiment the animal tank contains the live-bearing teleost fish Xiphophorus helleri and the small pulmonate water snail Biomphalaria glabrata because their physiological adaptation to the closed system conditions is well known from many previous C.E.B.A.S. experiments. The water temperature is maintained at 25 degrees C and the oxygen level is regulated between 4 and 7 mg/l by switching on and off the plant cultivator illuminations according to a suitable pattern thus utilizing solely the oxygen produced by photosynthesis. The animals and the microorganisms of filter and biofilm provide the plants with a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide. Oxygen concentration, pH value, temperature and redox potential are on-line recorded. Ion concentrations and numbers of living germs in the system water are determined twice monthly in the laboratory from samples taken from a special "sample removal module"; the sample volume is automatically replaced from an reservoir container. A rotatory pump produces a water flow of about 38 l/min. For a similar smaller test system with approx. 10 l volume developed from the C.E.B.A.S.-MINI-MODULE a novel indirect solar energy supply is tested which has a buffer capacity to maintain the system for 7 days in darkness under central European climate conditions also in winter. It contains only a single plant cultivator which is operated with Wollfia arrhiza. This lemnacean plant is able to produce large amounts of plant biomass in a short time by vegetative reproduction via daughter fronds. This easy-to-handle apparatus is dedicated to be operative more than 4 month. The experimental animals and microorganisms are the same as in the large system. The paper provides detailed information on the system construction principles and the biological, physical and chemical data of the initial phase of the test runs of both systems with the main focus on the large one.     

振荡器的计算机辅助设计与组装

本文综述了贝尔实验室在应用计算机方面的经验,包括模拟和设计、数据采集、数据分析、元件选择和其它各种各样的工作。过去,石英晶体振荡器可以很容易地应用线性电路模型来模拟。虽然存在非线性模型(例如,Spicc.Capitol等),但它们不能被用来对晶体振荡器进行闭环分析,因为其中包括有高Q参数。然而最近Waterloo大学研究的WATAND程序已变得很有效并可适用于石英晶体振荡器的闭环非线性分析。在贝尔实验室,线性和非线性两种分析程序正用于评价新设计,同时特别注意元件变化对工艺的影响。计算机完成原始数据采集任务的方法是对温度补偿晶体振荡器进行频率温度测量。附加的应用是对振荡器进行最后的室温检验,以便确定波形特征、功率损耗、电源灵敏性和频率牵引范围(对于压控晶体振荡器)。应用实时元件选择的方法有助于把电阻组合选择来与根据温度试验数据的分析所确定的数值相适应。在压控晶体振荡器和温度补偿压控晶体振荡器中,用实时元件选择的方法来调整变容二极管的工作点,使频率一电压牵引特性最佳。其他应用包括:对性能数据进行统计分析,以便于计划产量;使用模-数和数-模变换器模拟数字补偿流程图来与以微处理器为基础的计算机相对接,以及模拟双转角晶体切型的温度特性。     

静磁波振荡器的现状

当前在增加带宽和提高工作频率方面,要求不断提高现代雷达相通讯系统的性能,这就需要研究关于模拟信号处理的新技术和新工艺。实际上,用于上述目的的声表面波(SAW)器件,已经得到广泛应用,成效显著;但是对于要求中心频率高于1GHz的雷达和通讯系统,声表面波器件在制造上已经接近实际工艺的物理极限。本文介绍一种新工艺,能得到更高频率。这种工艺是以在外延铁淦氧膜(类似钇铁柘榴石[YIG])中传播的静磁波(MSW)为基础的。静磁波用于器件,使它能在0.5到30GHz微波中心频率上提供高达2.2GHz瞬时带宽。这种静磁波信号处理工艺,是在声表面波采用的横向滤波概念的基础上建立的,已经广泛研究了十年之久。本文首先研究静磁波的物理性质和极限,讨论它与声表面波的异同点。其次,讨论静磁波谐振器,并介绍静磁波振荡器的理论及现状。     

用导航星全球定位系统(GPS)第二阶段用户设备进行时间发布

导航星全球定位系统是用卫星建立的一种导航系统。它采用频谱扩展技术使用户能得到高精度的全球定位、速度和时间信息。这是用测量一组四颗卫星信号到达时间差的办法得到的。GPS 与其协调世界时(UTC)有确定关系,因此用户能够把 UTC 估算到亚微秒准确度。系统的关键性能是,GPS 用户设备(UE)对于 UE 参考钟和 GPS 时之间时差的估算能力。这种估算可通过精密控制硬件误差和计算误差来完成。因此,要求用户设备(UE)采用一种低相位噪声和可预报漂移特性的高质量石英晶振。在活动设施上实现精密守时是 GPS 用户设备装置的基本工作原理。该装置及其接收机利用导航星 GPS 空间部分供给的信息,向用户提供导航情报、GPS 时和对应的 UTC 数据。讨论了机械编排 GPS 用户设备装置守时功能程序的复杂性。讨论内容包括硬件和软件补偿技术。本文强调了该装置的晶体振荡器频标的应用和效果。     

发动机状态监控

发动机状态监控为监控发动机性能和状况提供了一种有效的方法，可以利用这方面的信息来测量发动机在使用寿命期内的可靠性，可以手工记录和分析发动机的数据，但用计算机系统处理数据更为可靠，灵活，本文讨论了发动机状态监控技术及可能的发展方向，强调使用以计算机为基础的自动化系统。     

用于航天器姿态确定的卡尔曼滤波

一、引言这篇报告回顾了过去二十年中卡尔曼滤波在姿态确定中的应用及发展,这一回顾不是面面俱到,而只限于适合于配有三轴陀螺仪及姿态传感器的航天器姿态的算法。我们认为这一种航天器系统是最适合于使用卡尔曼滤波的。卡尔曼滤波器使用了系统随时间变化的动态模型以及这样一种传感器测量模型,即基于当前以及以前的测量值利用线性估计器而获得系统状态的最高精度估计的测量模型。因此,从     

汞-199离子储存频率标准近期的理论进展和实验结果

储存在射频四极陷阱(Trap)中的199Hg离子在4O.5GHz频率时的超精细谐振,证明具有极窄的相对线宽,因而被选作为高精密的频率标准。引起该类频标频率变化的主要因素是因储存离子运动产生的二阶多普勒频移,采用少量低压气体作为背景,使运动的离子被致冷至300K所形成的离子云的密度几乎完全决定于伪电势与空间电荷力的平衡。我们发现在这种情况下,根据陷阱参数、温度和储存离子的总数和质量可以准确地计算出二阶多普勒频移。用氦作为致冷气体所进行的大量实验表明,由射频脉冲宽度限制的谱线宽度为0.85Hz。根据所观测到的谱线形状可以预计自然线宽将小于0.1Hz。采用闭环稳定储存离子数的方法,已能使测得的二阶多普勒频移达n×10~(-13)量级。