ROSAT宽视场相机的污染与洁净

1990年6月1日由德、美、英三国联合研制的ROSAT卫星发射升空。英国在该项目中主要承担了远紫外线宽视场相机(XUV WFC)的任务。本文将描述在WFC研制生产过程中采取的洁净与污染控制措施,包括一些必要的设计方案,在组装、总装、测试过程中遇到的一些问题及获得的经验。本文讨论大量的污染问题、所采取的测量方法及得到的结论。这些方法和从中获取的经验会对以后研制对污染更敏感的项目起到十分实际的借鉴作用。     

The natural cytotoxicity in cosmonauts on board space stations

The nature of the changes of resistance to infection seems to be very important. Our studies indicate that different functions of natural killers could be depressed after the spaceflight. The decrease of the percentage of the lymphocytes that can bind target cells lead to the lowering of the “active” NK level and this can be resulted in the depression of total NK activity and lowering of resistance to viral and tumor antigens. The investigation of natural killer cells in cosmonauts before and after short and long-term spaceflights also revealed the important role of spaceflight duration, stress and individual immune reactivity.     

多频段波纹圆锥喇叭天线

1.引言经过多年的研究,波纹圆锥喇叭天线(图1)已用于不同的系统中。波纹壁特性的边界条件:E_φ=Z_φH_r,E_r=-Z_rH_φ(1)且Z_φ=0,Z_v=jZ_o tan kd文献都证明了这种喇叭产生极好的圆极化波,当Z_r=∞时,意味着H_φ=0。实验中发现,在大约1:1.5的频宽内,波纹圆锥喇叭天线具有上述特性。该频宽对应于0.5π相似文献   

建立数字式行点阵记录仪标准特性的必要性

各地的遥测数据接收处理站都在用数字式行点阵记录仪来取代传统的笔式记录仪。前者具有多方面的优越性,并在实际应用中日益成为必不可少的设备。但由于工作原理和记录方式完全不同,人们很难将这两类记录仪的性能进行全面的类比,因此,在打算淘汰已经使用日久的笔式记录仪就使人举棋不定。目的:为数字式记录仪建立一套通用的标准特性;介绍有关的术语,以便对新旧系统进行正确的并且是可重复的比较。     

全桥ZVS变换器的一个新系列

本文介绍软开关全桥（FB）脉宽调制（PWM）变换器的一种新系列，它的特征是在宽范围输入电压和输出负载上所有桥开关是零电压开关（ZVS）的，并且具有最小的占空比损耗和环流。ZVS的初级开关采用两个磁性元件来实现，两个桥臂间的相移变化使这两个磁性元件的伏秒积作相反方向的变化。其中一个磁性元件是变压器，而另一个是耦合电感器或是单绕组电感器。采用变压器是提供隔离输出，而电感器用于为ZVS存贮能量。     

振动中的逆问题

本文考虑有限范围内无阻尼弹性系统无限小自由振动问题。述评由一些文献组成。这些文献涉及到从固有频率数据中唯一地重新构造一个振动系统。文献分为两组——一组涉及离散系统,该系统的逆问题与矩阵逆特征值问题紧密相关;另一组则涉及连续系统,该系统由Sturm—Liouville方程组中的某个方程所控制,或者由细梁弯曲振动的Euler—Bernoulli方程控制。     

French research program on the physiological problems caused by weightlessness. Use of the primate model

The need to acquire a better knowledge of the main biological problems induced by microgravity implies--in addition to human experimentation--the use of animal models, and primates seem to be particularly well adapted to this type of research. The major areas of investigation to be considered are the phospho-calcium metabolism and the metabolism of supporting tissues, the hydroelectrolytic metabolism, the cardiovascular function, awakeness, sleep-awakeness cycles, the physiology of equilibrium and the pathophysiology of space sickness. Considering this program, the Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Medecine Aerospatiale, under the sponsorship of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, developed both a program of research on restrained primates for the French-U.S. space cooperation (Spacelab program) and for the French-Soviet space cooperation (Bio-cosmos program), and simulation of the effects of microgravity by head-down bedrest. Its major characteristics are discussed in the study.     

On the possibility of Earth-type habitable planets in the 55 Cancri system

We discuss the possibility of Earth-type planets in the planetary system of 55 Cancri, a nearby G8 V star, which is host to two, possibly three, giant planets. We argue that Earth-type planets around 55 Cancri are in principle possible. Several conditions are necessary. First, Earth-type planets must have formed despite the existence of the close-in giant planet(s). In addition, they must be orbitally stable in the region of habitability considering that the stellar habitable zone is relatively close to the star compared to the Sun because of 55 Cancri's low luminosity and may therefore be affected by the close-in giant planet(s). We estimate the likelihood of Earth-type planets around 55 Cancri based on the integrated system approach previously considered, which provides a way of assessing the long-term possibility of photosynthetic biomass production under geodynamic conditions.     

The challenges and opportunities of a commercial human spaceflight mission to the ISS

ESA astronauts' ISS flight opportunities are considered as a vital source to meet the utilisation, operation and political objectives that Europe has established for participating in the International Space Station programme. Recent internal ESA assessments have demonstrated that a rate of three flights per year for European Astronauts should be maintained as a minimum objective. The current flight rate is lower than this. In order to improve this situation, in the context of the activation of the ESA ISS Commercialisation programme, ESA is developing the conditions for the establishment of commercially based human spaceflights with the financial support of both ESA and the private sector or, in the future, only the latter. ESA is working in a Partnership with the space industry to facilitate the implementation of such projects and support customers with a range of end-to-end commercial services. The opportunities and challenges of a "commercial human spaceflight", involving a member of the European Astronaut Corps, or a privately employed flight participant, are discussed here.     

Archaeal genome organization and stress responses: implications for the origin and evolution of cellular life

For DNA to be used as an informational molecule it must exist in the cell on the edge of stability because all genomic processes require local controlled melting. This presents mechanistic opportunities and problems for genomic DNA from hyperthermophilic organisms, whose unpackaged DNA could melt at optimal temperatures for growth. Hyperthermophiles are suggested to employ the novel positively supercoiling topoisomerase enzyme reverse gyrase (RG) to form positively supercoiled DNA that is intrinsically resistant to thermal denaturation. RG is presently the only archaeal gene that is uniquely found in hyperthermophiles and therefore is central to hypotheses suggesting a hypothermophilic origin of life. However, the suggestion that RG has evolved by the fusion of two pre-existing enzymes has led to hypotheses for a lower temperature for the origin of life. In addition to the action of topoisomerases, DNA packaging and the intracellular ionic environment can also manipulate DNA topology significantly. In the Euryarchaeota, nucleosomes containing minimal histones can adopt two alternate DNA topologies in a salt-dependent manner. From this we hypothesize that since internal salt concentrations are increased following an increase in temperature, the genomic effects of temperature fluctuations could also be accommodated by changes in nucleosome organization. In addition, stress-induced changes in the nucleoid proteins could also play a role in maintaining the genome in the optimal topological state in changing environments. The function of these systems could therefore be central to temperature adaptation and thus be implicated in origin of life scenarios involving hyperthermophiles.