铆接结构机身的壁钣化对其制造中装配—安装工作劳动量的影响

1.绪言。基本假设 结构的工艺性就是它适应于用先进生产方法的程度,所谓先进生产方法是能保证产品高度的质量和最低的成本。结构的工艺性首先是决定于结构—工艺的特点,对铆接结构机身而言,它们的壁钣化以及分解成可以独立进行装配的钣件等即为其结构—工艺特点。     

多级固体火箭的最优化分析

和大多数的工程问题一样,固体火箭设计中的经济性是很重要的。因此,对各种运载火箭进行优化分析,就是要在给定的任务条件下,以获得最佳经济效盆作为系统的设计目标。结合现今固体火箭技术的进展情况,本文研究了多级固体火箭的优化设计问题,并导出了多级固体火箭各级具有不同的推进剂比冲和结构参数的一般最优重量分布关系。所采用的最优化准则是在给定有效载荷和末速度的条件下获得最小起飞重量。用拉格朗日待定乘子法推导出多级火箭各参数与不同结构比及推进剂排气速度间的最优关系式,然后用图解法确定这些最优参数。     

环境试验数据和控制系统技术:过去、现在、将来

Michellich先生毕业于堪萨斯大学,获得博士学位。他1966年进入波音公司。他曾搞过土星V的仪表系统试验,S—IC级靜态点火数据处理,研究随机和瞬态数据处理程序、研究振动控制系统软件。现在他在波音航空工程实验室负责研制新的数据收集,试验控制和数据处理系统。     

Evaluation of theories of complex movement planning in different levels of gravity

Due to high redundancy of degrees of freedom in the human body, we can perform any movement, from the simplest to the most complex, in many different ways. Several studies are still trying to identify the motor strategies that master this redundancy and generate the movements whose characteristics are highly stereotyped. The aim of this work is to build a simulator that is able to evaluate different motor planning hypotheses. The most interesting applications of this tool occur in studies of the motor strategy in microgravity conditions. The comparison between simulated movements and kinematics data recorded both on Earth, and during a 5-month mission on board the Mir station shows that for a complex whole-body movement (such as trunk bending) a single planning criterion cannot explain all movement aspects. However, the simulator allows an understanding of the motor planning adaptation of astronauts. In space, the lack of equilibrium constraint (which on Earth brings about the center of mass control) leads to a new motor strategy that minimizes dynamic interactions with the floor.     

Communicating bioastronautics research to students, families and the nation

The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) is supporting the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) education mission through a comprehensive Education and Public Outreach Program (EPOP) that communicates the excitement and significance of space biology to schools, families, and lay audiences. The EPOP is comprised of eight academic institutions: Baylor College of Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Rice University, and the University of Washington. This paper describes the programs and products created by the EPOP to promote space life science education in schools and among the general public. To date, these activities have reached thousands of teachers and students around the US and have been rated very highly.     

Cell-to-cell interactions in changed gravity: ground-based and flight experiments

Cell-to-cell interactions play an important role in all physiological processes and are mediated by humoral and mechanical factors. Mechanosensitive cells (e.g., osteocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts) can be studied ex vivo to understand the effects of an altered gravity environment. In particular, cultured endothelial cells (EC) are very sensitive to a broad spectrum of mechanical and biochemical stimuli. Earlier, we demonstrated that clinorotation leads to cytoskeletal remodeling in cultured ECs. Long-term gravity vector changes also modulate the expression of surface adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, E-selectin, VCAM-1) on cultured ECs. To study the interactions of geterological cells, we cocultured endothelial monolayers and human lymphocytes, immune cells and myeloleucemic (K-560) cells. It was found that, although clinorotation did not alter the basal adhesion level of non-activated immune cells on endothelial monolayers, the adhesion of PMA-activated lymphocytes was increased. During flight experiments onboard the Russian segment of the International Space Station, we measured the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cells incubated with labeled target cells. It was found that immune cells in microgravity retained their ability to contact, recognize, and destroy oncogenic cells in vitro. Together, our data concerning the effects of simulated and real microgravity suggest that, despite changes in the cytoskeleton, cell motility, and expression of adhesion molecules, cell-cell interactions are not compromised, thus preserving the critical physiological functions of immune and endothelial cells.