从“捕食者”看高空长航时察打一体化无人机的特点

从“捕食者”A到B再到C,“捕食者”无人机实现了从纯粹的侦察无人机向兼具侦察和攻击能力的察打一体无人机的进化。本文通过对“捕食者”的相关介绍．揭示了察打一体无人机的主要特点。     

Al2O3/Al复合材料低频扭转振动攻丝研究

分析了低频扭转振动攻丝降低攻丝扭矩的机理,进行了干切状态下振动攻丝和连续攻丝的攻丝扭矩和丝锥使用寿命对比试验,并对振动攻丝中切削液的影响进行了试验.结果表明,在干切状态下,振动攻丝能够显著降低攻丝扭矩、提高丝锥使用寿命.     

颗粒冲刷条件下三元乙丙绝热材料烧蚀特性实验

为了研究三元乙丙基础配方、抗过载配方、无SiO2配方和无纤维配方等不同配方绝热材料在颗粒冲刷条件下的烧蚀特性和机理,基于高过载地面模拟试验发动机,开展了烧蚀试验研究。分析了实验后绝热材料的表面以及断面形貌特征和宏观烧蚀率结果,探讨了三元乙丙基础配方和抗过载配方绝热材料炭化层中致密结构形成的机理,进行了不同配方材料的烧蚀模式和机理的分析。研究结果表明:相同颗粒冲刷条件下,不同配方三元乙丙材料烧蚀模式和破坏机理不同,烧蚀率从小到大依次为抗过载配方基础配方无SiO2配方无纤维配方;其中基础配方和抗过载配方三元乙丙材料在烧蚀过程中炭化层形成"致密/疏松"结构,表面形成的致密结构可以提高材料的抗烧蚀性能,无SiO2和无纤维三元乙丙材料以基体的粒状和块状剥落破坏为主;不同配方绝热层炭化层的形貌和结构与纤维、SiO2含量以及烧蚀环境密切相关。     

苏联早期的“警棍”和“凉鞋”“短剑”导弹

赫鲁晓夫唬住了美国人 1960年1月14日,赫鲁晓夫在苏联最高苏维埃会议上以<为了永久和平与友谊而裁军>为题发表演说,首次形成了国家核军事理论.该理论认定弹道导弹应在军事战略中占据中心位置,并应成为欧洲战争及有超级大国参加的战斗中的决定因素.赫鲁晓夫认为,新的战争将从使用核武器的大规模突袭开始.     

苏联导弹的原点

1944年,苏联成功地得到了德国的超级秘密武器——V-2导弹的个别组件。根据曾遭受到V-2密集射击的英国人所提供的资料,以及苏联专家得出的初步结论说明,德国人已成功研制出了举世无双的武器。如果说苏联为齐射火力系统（“卡秋莎”）而研制的优秀固体火箭弹M-13ДД的射程为11．8千米,则德国V-2导弹的飞行距离已超过其25倍,约300千米。     

Biogenicity of morphologically diverse carbonaceous microstructures from the ca. 3400 Ma Strelley pool formation, in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia

Morphologically diverse structures that may constitute organic microfossils are reported from three remote and widely separated localities assigned to the ca. 3400?Ma Strelley Pool Formation in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. These localities include the Panorama, Warralong, and Goldsworthy greenstone belts. From the Panorama greenstone belt, large (> 40?μm) lenticular to spindle-like structures, spheroidal structures, and mat-forming thread-like structures are found. Similar assemblages of carbonaceous structures have been identified from the Warralong and Goldsworthy greenstone belts, though these assemblages lack the thread-like structures but contain film-like structures. All structures are syngenetic with their host sedimentary black chert, which is associated with stromatolites and evaporites. The host chert is considered to have been deposited in a shallow water environment. Rigorous assessment of biogenicity (considering composition, size range, abundance, taphonomic features, and spatial distributions) suggests that cluster-forming small (<15 μm) spheroids, lenticular to spindle-like structures, and film-like structures with small spheroids are probable microfossils. Thread-like structures are more likely fossilized fibrils of biofilm, rather than microfossils. The biogenicity of solitary large (>15?μm) spheroids and simple film-like structures is less certain. Although further investigations are required to confirm the biogenicity of carbonaceous structures from the Strelley Pool Formation, this study presents evidence for the existence of morphologically complex and large microfossils at 3400?Ma in the Pilbara Craton, which can be correlated to the contemporaneous, possible microfossils reported from South Africa. Although there is still much to be learned, they should provide us with new insights into the early evolution of life and shallow water ecosystems.     

Astrobiological considerations for the selection of the geological filters on the ExoMars PanCam instrument

The Panoramic Camera (PanCam) instrument will provide visible-near IR multispectral imaging of the ExoMars rover's surroundings to identify regions of interest within the nearby terrain. This multispectral capability is dependant upon the 12 preselected "geological" filters that are integrated into two wide-angle cameras. First devised by the Imager for Mars Pathfinder team to detect iron oxides, this baseline filter set has remained largely unchanged for subsequent missions (Mars Exploration Rovers, Beagle 2, Phoenix) despite the advancing knowledge of the mineralogical diversity on Mars. Therefore, the geological filters for the ExoMars PanCam will be redesigned to accommodate the astrobiology focus of ExoMars, where hydrated mineral terrains (evidence of past liquid water) will be priority targets. Here, we conduct an initial investigation into new filter wavelengths for the ExoMars PanCam and present results from tests performed on Mars analog rocks. Two new filter sets were devised: one with filters spaced every 50?nm ("F1-12") and another that utilizes a novel filter selection method based upon hydrated mineral reflectance spectra ("F2-12"). These new filter sets, along with the Beagle 2 filter set (currently the baseline for the ExoMars PanCam), were tested on their ability to identify hydrated minerals and biosignatures present in Mars analog rocks. The filter sets, with varying degrees of ability, detected the spectral features of minerals jarosite, opaline silica, alunite, nontronite, and siderite present in these rock samples. None of the filter sets, however, were able to detect fossilized biomat structures and small (<2?mm) mineralogical heterogeneities present in silica sinters. Both new filter sets outperformed the Beagle 2 filters, with F2-12 detecting the most spectral features produced by hydrated minerals and providing the best discrimination between samples. Future work involving more extensive testing on Mars analog samples that exhibit a wider range of mineralogies would be the next step in carefully evaluating the new filter sets.     

Magnetism, iron minerals, and life on Mars

A short critical review is provided on two questions linking magnetism and possible early life on Mars: (1) Did Mars have an Earth-like internal magnetic field, and, if so, during which period and was it a requisite for life? (2) Is there a connection between iron minerals in the martian regolith and life? We also discuss the possible astrobiological implications of magnetic measurements at the surface of Mars using two proposed instruments. A magnetic remanence device based on magnetic field measurements can be used to identify Noachian age rocks and lightning impacts. A contact magnetic susceptibility probe can be used to investigate weathering rinds on martian rocks and identify meteorites among the small regolith rocks. Both materials are considered possible specific niches for microorganisms and, thus, potential astrobiological targets. Experimental results on analogues are presented to support the suitability of such in situ measurements.     

Microgravity and space processes

The implications of the STS-107 tragedy on weightlessness research in the NASA program are reviewed.     

Rock surfaces as life indicators: new ways to demonstrate life and traces of former life

Life and its former traces can only be detected from space when they are abundant and exposed to the planetary atmosphere at the moment of investigation by orbiters. Exposed rock surfaces present a multifractal labyrinth of niches for microbial life. Based upon our studies of highly stress-resistant microcolonial fungi of stone monument and desert rock surfaces, we propose that microbial biofilms that develop and become preserved on rock surfaces can be identified remotely by the following characteristics: (1) the existence of spectroscopically identifiable compounds that display unique adsorption, diffraction, and reflection patterns characteristic of biogenerated organic compounds (e.g., chlorophylls, carotenes, melanins, and possibly mycosporines), (2) demonstrably biogenic geomorphological features (e.g., biopitting, biochipping, and bioexfoliation), and (3) biominerals produced in association with biofilms that occupy rock surfaces (e.g., oxalates, forsterite, and special types of carbonates, sulfides, and silicates). Such traces or biosignatures of former life could provide macroscopically visible morphotypes and chemically identifiable products uniquely indicative of life.