Magnetospheric Boundary Layer Structure and Dynamics as Seen From Cluster and Double Star Measurements

In this review, we discuss the structure and dynamics of the magnetospheric Low-Latitude Boundary Layer (LLBL) based on recent results from multi-satellite missions Cluster and Double Star. This boundary layer, adjacent to the magnetopause on the magnetospheric side, usually consists of a mixture of plasma of magnetospheric and magnetosheath origins, and plays an important role in the transfer of mass and energy from the solar wind into the magnetosphere and subsequent magnetospheric dynamics. During southward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) conditions, this boundary layer is generally considered to be formed as a result of the reconnection process between the IMF and magnetospheric magnetic field lines at the dayside magnetopause, and the structure and plasma properties inside the LLBL can be understood in terms of the time history since the reconnection process. During northward IMF conditions, the LLBL is usually thicker, and has more complex structure and topology. Recent observations confirm that the LLBL observed at the dayside can be formed by single lobe reconnection, dual lobe reconnection, or by sequential dual lobe reconnection, as well as partially by localized cross-field diffusion. The LLBL magnetic topology and plasma signatures inside the different sub-layers formed by these processes are discussed in this review. The role of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the formation of the LLBL at the flank magnetopause is also discussed. Overall, we conclude that the LLBL observed at the flanks can be formed by the combination of processes, (dual) lobe reconnection and plasma mixing due to non-linear Kelvin-Helmholtz waves.      

基于定位误差修正的运动目标TDOA/FDOA无源定位方法

针对时差(TDOA)、频差(FDOA)无源定位的两步加权最小二乘(TSWLS)方法定位均方根误差(RMSE)和定位偏差适应测量噪声能力差的问题,在分析了影响两步法定位性能的因素基础上提出一种基于一阶泰勒级数展开的定位误差修正方法。该方法的第1步和两步法相同;其第2步避免了两步法第2步中引入估计偏差的平方运算,利用一阶泰勒级数展开得到第1步定位误差的线性最小均方估计,修正第1步定位结果得到目标位置和速度的最终估计,从理论上证明了该方法可以达到定位的克拉美罗下限(CRLB)。计算机仿真对比了新方法和TSWLS方法、基于泰勒级数(TS)展开的迭代极大似然(ML)方法以及约束总体最小二乘(CTLS)方法的定位性能,新算法复杂度和两步法相当,且均方误差和定位偏差低于两步法、泰勒级数法和CTLS方法。     

一种解释航空维修中人为因素的模型——PEAR模型介绍

PEAR模型是一种新的解释航空维修中人为因素的模型,该模型更加贴近维修人员的工作实际,易于帮助维修人员理解人为因素。本文介绍了PEAR模型的组成要素,讨论了PEAR模型与SHELL模型的关系以及该模型在人为因素培训中的现实意义。     

火箭引射模态下一次火箭流量优化方法研究

对火箭基组合循环(RBCC)发动机火箭引射模态下一次火箭流量优化方法开展了研究,并对飞行条件下一次火箭流量的变化规律进行了分析。提出了采用有效比冲作为优化目标的一次火箭流量单目标优化模型;建立了求解与一次火箭流量相匹配的二次燃料流量的比例控制方法;在考虑发动机性能优化与弹道分析耦合作用的基础上,采用试验设计和遗传算法,建立了火箭引射模态下一次火箭流量优化方法。针对空中载机发射的RBCC发动机,开展了火箭引射模态下一次火箭流量优化,并根据弹道分析结果,给出了飞行条件下一次火箭流量变化规律。结果表明,为了克服飞行过程中声障阻力,一次火箭流量在Ma=1.0附近达到最大,此时对发动机提出较高的推力设计要求;在Ma=1.5附近,来流空气的冲压作用占主导地位,一次火箭流量出现较大程度的节流,此时对发动机提出较高的比冲设计要求;超过Ma=1.5后,一次火箭以较小的流量状态维持稳定工作;火箭引射模态下一次火箭流量调节比达到了5.0。     

Thyroid cell growth: sphingomyelin metabolism as non-invasive marker for cell damage acquired during spaceflight

Prolonged spaceflights are known to elicit changes in human cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, whose functions are regulated by the thyroid gland. It is known that sphingomyelin metabolism is involved in apoptosis (programmed cell death) of thyroid cells induced by UVC radiation, but at present no data exists with regard to this phenomenon, which occurs during space missions. The aim of this study was to analyze, for the first time, the effect of spaceflight on the enzymes of sphingomyelin metabolism, sphingomyelinase, and sphingomyelin synthase, and to determine whether the ratio between the two enzymes might be used as a possible marker for thyroid activity during space missions. Both quiescent thyroid cells and thyroid cells stimulated to proliferate with thyrotropin (TSH) were cultured during the Eneide and Esperia missions on the International Space Station. The results show that during space missions the cells treated with TSH grew only 1.5?±?0.65-fold and, thus, behave similarly to quiescent cells, while on the ground the same cells, maintained in experimental conditions that reproduced those of the flight, grew 7.71?±?0.67-fold. Comparison of the sphingomyelinase/sphingomyelin-synthase ratio and the levels of Bax, STAT3, and RNA polymerase II in proliferating, quiescent, pro-apoptotic, or apoptotic cells demonstrated that thyroid cells during space missions were induced into a pro-apoptotic state. Given its specificity and the small amount of cells needed for analysis, we propose the use of the sphingomyelinase/sphingomyelin-synthase ratio as a marker of functional status of thyroid cells during space missions. Further studies could lead to its use in real time during prolonged spaceflights.     

地球内辐射带核心区环境特征分析及质子屏蔽的蒙特卡罗模拟

辐射带粒子是近地空间卫星总剂量辐射的主要来源。文章分析了内辐射带不同高度轨道的辐射环境特性;并利用Geant4程序,针对内辐射带质子环境进行不同材料的屏蔽效能计算。结果表明：虽然传统的低-高-低原子序数材料三明治屏蔽结构对电子具有较高的屏蔽效能,却并不适用于以质子环境为主的轨道;对于工作在3000 km圆轨道、5年寿命的卫星,若要将总剂量降至30 krad(Si)以下,使用PE屏蔽材料可比Al屏蔽减重28%。     

卫星有效载荷的规划与调度

卫星有效载荷的规划与调度要求是指卫星根据自身资源情况合理安排各个载荷的工作状态，在满足各种资源约束的条件下实现资源的优化配置。有效载荷的规划与调度可以归结为典型的资源受限的规划与调度问题。本文以对地观测卫星的有效载荷系统为例，分析了卫星的资源特点和载荷的工作特性，在此基础上提出了一种有效载荷规划与调度的方法。仿真实例表明了算法的可行性。     

用于ESM系统的CFAR处理器

作者研究了一种用于ESM接收机自适应门限系统的CFAR处理器的设计。对于这种用途，ESM系统的重要技术指标是接收不同宽度和速率的脉冲以及噪声干扰性。确定背景噪声统计的主要难题是干扰信号问题。在背景噪声功率的允差范围内，提出一种MEx-CFAR处理器，它具有良好的抗干扰脉冲的能力。当噪声功率变化大时，建议采用AMEx-CFAR处理器的性能。采用反馈环路结构。AMEx处理器能快速适应新的背景条件。本文用蒙特卡罗模拟研究了所提出的CFAR处理器在各种情况下的性能，讨论了用以确定处理器设计参数的方法。     

An Event Horizon Imager(EHI) Mission Concept Utilizing Medium Earth Orbit Sub-mm Interferometry

Submillimeter interferometry has the potential to image supermassive black holes on event horizon scales, providing tests of the theory of general relativity and increasing our understanding of black hole accretion processes. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) performs these observations from the ground, and its main imaging targets are Sagittarius A* in the Galactic Center and the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy. However, the EHT is fundamentally limited in its performance by atmospheric effects and sparse terrestrial (u,v)-coverage (Fourier sampling of the image). The scientific interest in quantitative studies of the horizon size and shape of these black holes has motivated studies into using space interferometry which is free of these limitations. Angular resolution considerations and interstellar scattering effects push the desired observing frequency to bands above 500 GHz.
This paper presents the requirements for meeting these science goals, describes the concept of interferometry from Polar or Equatorial Medium Earth Orbits (PECMEO) which we dub the Event Horizon Imager (EHI), and utilizes suitable space technology heritage. In this concept, two or three satellites orbit at slightly different orbital radii, resulting in a dense and uniform spiral-shaped (u,v)-coverage over time. The local oscillator signals are shared via an inter-satellite link, and the data streams are correlated on-board before final processing on the ground. Inter-satellite metrology and satellite positioning are extensively employed to facilitate the knowledge of the instrument position vector, and its time derivative. The European space heritage usable for both the front ends and the antenna technology of such an instrument is investigated. Current and future sensors for the required inter-satellite metrology are listed. Intended performance estimates and simulation results are given.      

载人航天器防火安全设计

防火安全是载人航天器总体设计所关注的重点项目之一。文章按照火灾发生三要素,结合以往密封舱防火安全设计经验,从密封舱内可燃物控制、舱内氧浓度控制、防止点火源形成、防止火灾传播、密封舱烟火监测和密封舱灭火6个方面对载人航天器防火安全设计方法进行了归纳总结。该研究可为我国后续载人航天器密封舱防火设计提供重要依据,确保载人航天器任务期间的安全可靠性。