The gravity-darkening of the main-sequence components of spectral types A, F and G in detached close binary systems

From analysis of the photometric ellipticity effect in seven well-understood detached close binary systems, empirical values of the exponent of gravity-darkening have been practically deduced for eleven main-sequence components of spectral types A, F and G which should cover the range of structural change (from radiative to convective) in stellar atmospheres. The result indicate that values of the exponent diminish gradually with decreasing effective temperatures from 1.0 for radiative atmospheres with T > 8500 K to = 0.2 0.3 for convective atmospheres with T < 6500 K, in spite of some uncertainty in the reflection correction process.     

A Microprocessor-Based Data-Acquisition System for Stall/Spin Research

Accurate data are necessary for the identification of aerodynamic parameters at high angle of attack and in spinning flight. Modern sensors and microelectronic devices are employed in a stall/spin data acquisition system that will be tested in a Schweizer 2-32 sailplane. This instrumentation package will use a quaternion-based ?strapdown IMU? algorithm to derive vehicle attitude from angular rate data, and it will use fault-detection logic to identify inflight sensor failures. Details of the system and flight test program are presented, together with results of preflight digital simulation analysis.     

Long clinostation influence on the ultrastructure of Funaria hygrometrica moss protonema cells

Changes in the ultrastructure of protonema cells of Funaria hygrometrica, cultivated during 20 days on a horizontal clinostat (2 rev/min), were determined by the electron microscopy method. About 20% of the cells were almost identical to those in the control, 20% were destructive cells, and in 60% ultrastructure changes were observed. The heterogeneity of the reaction demonstrated the evidence of sensitive cells on the clinostation process. Changes affected the ultrastructure of plastids, wall of the cell, and the form of the nucleus as well. Starch disappeared from chloroplasts practically completely, thylakoids swelled, granas frequently disappeared from plastids. Peroxisomes number in cells increased appreciably, width of cell walls decreased by almost half their size. Ca⁺⁺-binding sites were revealed in cytoplasma of cells. Electronocytochemical exposure of ATPases activity with the presence of Mg⁺⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ ions showed that Mg²⁺-ATPase activity localization in clinosted cells was not too different from the control, while Ca²⁺-ATPase location presented differences in plasmalemma and Ca-sites. These changes are perhaps connected with the membranes permeability breaking and affect the plant cells adaptation to the influence of hypogravitation.     

Transformation of a delta: Converting estuaries to lakes

In this century large-scale transformations have been carried out in the delta of the Rhine, Meuse and Scheldt in The Netherlands. The following principal consequences are considered: the loss of estuarine ecosystems, the change in the process of sedimentation and erosion, and the development of new aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The ecological consequences of the transformation of the Grevelingen estuary into a salt-water lake and some surprising developments are described briefly. The need for a limited restoration of the water exchange between the lake and the North Sea is indicated, as well as the major impacts of the exchange. The necessity for the maintenance or restoration of estuaries, the ecological development and the possibilities of the new lakes, and the management of these lakes by engineering structures are discussed. Careful land-use planning and ecosystem management, backed by research, are needed to make the fullest possible use of the potential offered by new lakes. It is also concluded that salt lakes have interesting perspectives.     

Nonlinear Analysis of Magnetic Bearings for Space Technology

The high magnetic energy stored in rare earth-cobalt magnets allows the design of lightweight motors and magnetic bearings for high-speed rotors. Magnetic bearings are not subject to wear and with the ability to operate under high vacuum conditions, they appear ideal for applications requiring high rotational speeds such as 100 000 r/min. Important applications are for turbomolecular pumps, laser scanners, centrifuges, momentum rings for satellite stabilizations, and other uses in space technology. This paper presents a two-dimemsional nonlinear numerical analysis of the magnetic fields in a magnetic bearing, based on magnetostatic assumptions and finite-difference iterative techniques.     

Attitude and Oribit Estimation Using Stars and Landmarks

An extended Kalman filter is used to process line-of-sight measurements to stars and known landmarks providing a statistical indication of performance in estimating spacecraft attitude, orbital ephemeris, and the bias drift of a set of three strapdown gyros. The landmark measurements were assumed to have been taken from the imagery of an Earth-observing multispectral scanner. It is shown that filtering of these noisy measurements results in highly accurate estimates of the above parameters. Results are given showing the sensitivity of performance to various system parameters such as star tracker accuracy, errors in the knowledge of landmark position, and number of stars and landmarks processed.     

A General Model for Switching Converters

A low frequency, small signal model, valid for all types of converters, both in the heavy and the light mode of conduction, is developed in block diagram form. The model provides a clear insight into the behavior of such converters and enhances the respective contributions of input and output filters.     

Microprocessor-Controlled Digital Shunt Regulator

A new approach to the design of power systems is presented in which a microprocessor is used as a controller for a digital shunt regulator (DSR). This approach meets the demands of future space and ground missions, i. e., high efficiency, high reliability, low weight, low volume, increased flexibility, and less development time. This approach responds to future demands by permitting realtime modification of system parameters for system optimization. This feature is especially important in the event of an anomaly. As the microprocessor need not be dedicated to the DSR, it can simultaneously be used for battery management and for charge regulator/discharge regulator control. This approach also reduces the component count, simplifies assembly and testing of the unit, results in significant time saving, and increases the reliability.     

On the stereoselective aminoacylation of RNA

Aminoacylation of the “internal” 2′-hydroxyl groups of poly(A) with the imidazolide of racemic DL-leucine resulted in the formation of an enantiomeric excess of the D-ester, whereas aminoacylation with the imidazolide of racemic N-3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-DL-leucine gave an enantiomeric excess of the L-ester. Comparison of these results with those obtained earlier for alanine shows that the larger side chain tends to favor the formation of the D-ester. High resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed on the D- and L-alanyl “internal” 2′-esters of 3′,5′-ApA. The resonance of the side chain methyl group of the D-ester is upfield from that of the L-ester, and the separation of the peaks increases with a decrease in temperature.     

Nonlinear analysis of hydrodynamic instability in laminar flames—II. Numerical experiments

We consider a nonstationary nonlinear integrodifferential equation describing the evolution of a disturbed plane flame front. The following two-dimensional problems are solved numerically: (i) The formation of a wrinkled noncellular laminar flame front under conditions of spontaneous hydrodynamic instability. (ii) The formation of a turbulent cellular flame front under conditions of spontaneous diffusional-thermal instability. (iii) The formation of a turbulent wrinkled-cellular flame front under conditions of spontaneous hydrodynamic and diffusional-thermal instability. We compute the flame front velocity in laminar and turbulent propagation.