VentureStar… reaping the benefits of the X-33 program

Major X-33 flight hardware has been delivered, and assembly of the vehicle is well underway in anticipation of its flight test program commencing in the summer of 1999. Attention has now turned to the operational VentureStar^TM, the first single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) reusable launch vehicle. Activities are grouped under two broad categories: (1) vehicle development and (2) market/business planning, each of which is discussed. The mission concept is presented for direct payload delivery to the International Space Station and to low Earth orbit, as well as payload delivery with an upper stage to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) and other high energy orbits. System requirements include flight segment and ground segment. Vehicle system sizing and design status is provided including the application of X-33 traceability and lessons learned. Technology applications to the VentureStar^TM are described including the structure, propellant tanks, thermal protection system, aerodynamics, subsystems, payload bay and propulsion. Developing a market driven low cost launch services system for the 21st Century requires traditional and non-traditional ways of being able to forecast the evolution of the potential market. The challenge is balancing both the technical and financial assumptions of the market. This involves the need to provide a capability to meet market segments that in some cases are very speculative, while at the same time providing the financial community with a credible revenue stream. Furthermore, the market derived requirements need to be assessed so as not to impose unnecessary requirements on the vehicle design that add unreasonable cost to the development of the system, yet provides the right capabilities for new markets that could be triggered by dramatically lower space transportation prices.     

带充液腔的自旋卫星稳定性问题

本文应用Pfeiffer的思想讨论带轴对称充液腔的卫星系统自旋稳定性。本方法的基本思想为将轴对称腔内的液体旋度平均化,使之与空间位置无关,由此将液体的无限自由度问题离散化为有限自由度问题,从而用线性理论讨论系统的自旋稳定性。用这方法,本文讨论了带充液腔的非轴对称卫星系统、带充液腔的双自旋卫星系统的自旋稳定性,给出了它们的自旋稳定性判据。此外,本文还给出了一些带有不同形状腔体的卫星系统自旋稳定域图,为实际工程设计人员提供理论参考。     

刚性方程的二阶Gear方法的注记

构造了一个求解刚性方程的二阶差分格式,它是隐式的,并采用简单迭代求解,对于稳定系统,迭代收敛性条件与步长无关,而对不稳定系统,迭代收敛性条件对步长却有所限制,利用这一限制性条件去克服解刚性方程的二阶Gear方法时出现的“危险性”。     

混合与扩散同时进行的环形引射系统引射性能实验研究

本文设计了“混合与扩散同时进行”的环形引射系统,并结合其驱动引射式风洞,实验探讨了该系统的参数影响规律及混合特性,结果表明,引射器系统采取“同时混合扩散”方式可达到与传统的“等截面混合后再扩散”的方式相当的性能,但新方式下则大大缩短了系统结构尺寸,因而具有重要的实用意义。实验表明“同时混合扩散”方式只宜于应用在具有周向喷流特点的系统中,同时混合扩散角应与常规扩散角相当(β=6°)。研究表明,讨论喷流马赫数Ma_j对性能的影响应与面积比A_2/A_*的变化独立开来,Mα_j变化对性能的影响不超过10％,而面积比变化对性能的影响十分显著,在面积比与膨胀比适当的配合下,可获得较高的系统效率。     

基于目标操作化的多引擎协作体系结构研究

基于目标操作化的域原子操作模型,研究分析了面向应用目标的系统设计与实现的基本问题,通过引入解释引擎,提出了面向目标的形式模型与应用软件设计实现的一体化机制;在系统级应用中间件之上,引入组件服务,提出了一个通过处理操作作业流实现目标的、多个操作服务引擎协作的体系结构,通过构造组件适配器,以满足操作服务引擎对异构组件服务的一致性访问.     

NUMERICAL MODELLING OF VELOCITY AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE BUOYANCY CONVECTION EFFECT IN KNbO3 MELT

Numerical modelling of velocity and temperature fields in high-temperature KNbO3 melt of a loop-shaped Pt wire heater is carried out by using the commercial com putational code ANSYS for the mathematical solution of the governing equations.Based on the experimental boundary conditions and the Boussinesq approximation,the numerical modelling of a steady and two-dimensional model is applied to study the process under consideration of the buoyancy-driven convection condition. The result is compared with the previous experimental and theoretical data obtained in our laboratory, and the former is in agreement with the latter. Thus a theoretical guide for reasonable growth conditions is provided by studying in depth the real fluid flow effects in the crystal growth from the melt.     

线性板簧的迟滞特性对车辆平顺性影响

通过分析板簧迟滞特性对车辆在不同路面上行驶平顺性的影响,探讨合理选择板簧悬架减振器阻尼的方法.采用1/4车辆模型,在考虑和不考虑板簧迟滞特性2种情况下分析了车辆在不同路面上的簧载质量加速度均方根值.考虑到模型非线性,采用时域求解,并以随机生成的路面数据和一组实测路面数据作为模型输入.分析结果表明板簧迟滞特性对行驶平顺性的不利影响在良好路面上表现得更为明显,因此减振器阻尼系数应根据路面不平度等级加以选择.对于采用板簧悬架的车辆,减振器在压缩行程和复原行程的阻尼比范围应分别为0.1~0.2和0.2~0.3.     

粗差拟准检定法在星载GPS低轨卫星定轨中的应用

利用自适应卡尔曼滤波进行星载GPS低轨卫星定轨时,必须解决量测方程中经常存在的粗差问题．在分析以往方法的优缺点后,用拟准检定法来探测和修正量测方程中存在的粗差．该法的优点是辨识粗差准确率高,能同时定位多个粗差．另外,为了克服星载GPS低轨卫星定轨的滤波器可能出现的数值不稳定性及发散现象,还采用了UD分解算法及Sage自适应滤波器．最后用一个CHAMP卫星的模拟算例验证本方法的可行性和有效性．     

CPL蒸发器传热和蒸发流动过程的分布参数模型

针对ＣＰＬ蒸发器，建立了可据以分析其传热过程和蒸发流动过程的分布参数模型，并就一个模拟算例进行了考察，得出了有意义的结论。该模型较之传统集中参数模型的优点在于，其计算结果反映出了蒸发器内沿轴向流动过程中各肋壁温度及肋壁与流动工质之间换热系数大小的变化情况以及蒸发器内局部蒸汽（或液体）的热力状况，因而为从细节上揭示ＣＰＬ蒸发器的传热性能及其工程模型的试验研究、优化设计等打下了一定的基础     

实时曲面纹理及其光照效果的生成

依据两步映射法和体纹理的思想，将曲面纹理的映射过程分为非实时映射和实时查询两个部分，提出一种能实时显示曲面纹理的方法及相应的抗混叠措施，最后，结合一种快速浓淡算法，为曲面纹理叠加光照效果，生成了很逼真的图象。