微孔纳米板与陶瓷纤维板热导率对比研究

文摘采用非稳态热线法测试了微孔纳米板与陶瓷纤维板在RT~1 000℃区间热导率,利用SEM微观形貌与荧光光谱成分分析,结合微观导热机理对测试结果进行了分析。结果表明:纳米板热导率分布在0.03~0.1 W/(m·K)区间,纤维板为0.055~0.25 W/(m·K);两种材料热导率均随着温度升高而增大,且规律均为先缓后急,不同的是,纤维板热导率在300℃以后开始急剧增大,而纳米板在550℃之后才开始较快增长;纳米板整体上升趋势缓于纤维板,温度越高,两者热导率差异越大。分析认为纳米尺寸的固体颗粒及内部气孔是纳米板拥有低热导率的关键因素。     

Imaging Plasma Density Structures in the Soft X-Rays Generated by Solar Wind Charge Exchange with Neutrals

Both heliophysics and planetary physics seek to understand the complex nature of the solar wind’s interaction with solar system obstacles like Earth’s magnetosphere, the ionospheres of Venus and Mars, and comets. Studies with this objective are frequently conducted with the help of single or multipoint in situ electromagnetic field and particle observations, guided by the predictions of both local and global numerical simulations, and placed in context by observations from far and extreme ultraviolet (FUV, EUV), hard X-ray, and energetic neutral atom imagers (ENA). Each proposed interaction mechanism (e.g., steady or transient magnetic reconnection, local or global magnetic reconnection, ion pick-up, or the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability) generates diagnostic plasma density structures. The significance of each mechanism to the overall interaction (as measured in terms of atmospheric/ionospheric loss at comets, Venus, and Mars or global magnetospheric/ionospheric convection at Earth) remains to be determined but can be evaluated on the basis of how often the density signatures that it generates are observed as a function of solar wind conditions. This paper reviews efforts to image the diagnostic plasma density structures in the soft (low energy, 0.1–2.0 keV) X-rays produced when high charge state solar wind ions exchange electrons with the exospheric neutrals surrounding solar system obstacles.The introduction notes that theory, local, and global simulations predict the characteristics of plasma boundaries such the bow shock and magnetopause (including location, density gradient, and motion) and regions such as the magnetosheath (including density and width) as a function of location, solar wind conditions, and the particular mechanism operating. In situ measurements confirm the existence of time- and spatial-dependent plasma density structures like the bow shock, magnetosheath, and magnetopause/ionopause at Venus, Mars, comets, and the Earth. However, in situ measurements rarely suffice to determine the global extent of these density structures or their global variation as a function of solar wind conditions, except in the form of empirical studies based on observations from many different times and solar wind conditions. Remote sensing observations provide global information about auroral ovals (FUV and hard X-ray), the terrestrial plasmasphere (EUV), and the terrestrial ring current (ENA). ENA instruments with low energy thresholds (\(\sim1~\mbox{keV}\)) have recently been used to obtain important information concerning the magnetosheaths of Venus, Mars, and the Earth. Recent technological developments make these magnetosheaths valuable potential targets for high-cadence wide-field-of-view soft X-ray imagers.Section 2 describes proposed dayside interaction mechanisms, including reconnection, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, and other processes in greater detail with an emphasis on the plasma density structures that they generate. It focuses upon the questions that remain as yet unanswered, such as the significance of each proposed interaction mode, which can be determined from its occurrence pattern as a function of location and solar wind conditions. Section 3 outlines the physics underlying the charge exchange generation of soft X-rays. Section 4 lists the background sources (helium focusing cone, planetary, and cosmic) of soft X-rays from which the charge exchange emissions generated by solar wind exchange must be distinguished. With the help of simulations employing state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamic models for the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction, models for Earth’s exosphere, and knowledge concerning these background emissions, Sect. 5 demonstrates that boundaries and regions such as the bow shock, magnetosheath, magnetopause, and cusps can readily be identified in images of charge exchange emissions. Section 6 reviews observations by (generally narrow) field of view (FOV) astrophysical telescopes that confirm the presence of these emissions at the intensities predicted by the simulations. Section 7 describes the design of a notional wide FOV “lobster-eye” telescope capable of imaging the global interactions and shows how it might be used to extract information concerning the global interaction of the solar wind with solar system obstacles. The conclusion outlines prospects for missions employing such wide FOV imagers.     

防冰疏水微结构表面的设计

微结构表面具有出色的防水自净性能以及减阻性能,但目前超疏水微结构表面设计制备思路欠缺系统性,很多制备方法也比较复杂,在工程实践方面缺乏指导性。从工程制备的角度,概述了微结构表面设计的经典理论模型和国内外对微结构几何设计的理论研究,探究常用工程材料的理论本征接触角,通过力学平衡分析方法计算仿真确定疏水微观结构几何尺寸、几何截面外形,提出截面线长度及尺寸系数两个疏水微结构设计的参数,归纳了设计疏水微结构的流程,为制备疏水微结构或微结构模具提供理论基础。     

高负荷压气机叶栅分离结构及其等离子体流动控制

 为揭示高负荷压气机叶栅内部流动损失的产生机理和分布规律以及等离子体气动激励的作用机制,利用拓扑分析和数值计算方法,从计算模型的建立与验证、基准流场的分离结构和等离子体流动控制3个方面展开研究;对总压损失系数分布、拓扑结构和表面流谱与空间流线分布以及旋涡结构进行分析,并开展了激励方式的优化分析.结果表明:随着攻角的增大,固壁面拓扑结构增加了3对奇点,吸力面流向激励改变了固壁面拓扑结构.当攻角为2°时,在吸力面拓扑结构中产生了一对奇点,打断了角区分离线,并引入了一条回流再附线.叶栅流道内部有5个主要涡系,尾缘径向对涡促进流体的展向流动,并成为吸力面倒流的主要组成部分;角涡是一个独立的涡系,其强度和尺度不受等离子体气动激励的影响.吸力面流向激励可以改善叶中流场,但对角区流动作用很小;端壁横向激励可以降低角区流动损失,对叶中流场作用有限;吸力面流向与端壁横向组合激励在整个叶高范围内均可以显著抑制流动分离;端壁横向流动对角区流动分离结构的影响大于吸力面附面层的分离.吸力面流向激励的优化明显降低,而端壁横向激励和组合激励的优化保持并增强了等离子体流动的控制效果.     

蜂窝结构吸波材料的斜入射电磁吸波特性研究

为分析蜂窝结构吸波材料在电磁波斜入射条件下的反射特性,首先基于长波长近似条件下的强扰动理论,得到蜂窝结构吸波材料的等效电磁参数;再利用各向异性分层介质条件下的横向场传播的本征波解,推导出蜂窝结构吸波材料对斜入射电磁波的反射系数公式;进而得到蜂窝结构吸波材料的反射率随入射角的变化关系。反射率的计算结果表明：在特定入射角情况下,对于不同的蜂窝高度,吸收剂存在最优厚度,可使其反射率最小。研究结果对蜂窝结构吸波材料的优化设计具有一定意义。     

延性金属渐进破坏试验与数值研究

金属构件韧性断裂机理研究对于新型延性材料缩短其工程应用周期及减少物理试验量等方面具有重要意义。基于连续损伤力学理论提出了一种改进的三应力不变量延性金属断裂模型,该模型考虑了静水压力和Lode角对损伤变量的影响。然后,以商业有限元分析软件ABAQUS为平台,通过编写用户材料子程序VUMAT的方式将该模型嵌入准静态算法主程序。通过对四种高强度变形铝合金2A12-T4板材的拉伸渐进破坏过程的试验及数值分析研究,验证了该模型的有效性。结果表明,该模型可很好地预测延性金属材料自裂纹萌生、扩展直至完全断裂的全过程。     

多操纵面飞行器控制分配技术的发展及应用

控制分配是先进多操纵面飞行器控制理论及应用的一项关键技术。首先介绍了多操纵面布局的典型操纵面,然后从静态、动态和非线性三个方面分别论述了控制分配技术的最新研究成果,概述了航空航天领域及其他工业领域的应用情况。最后总结了控制分配的几个关键问题,讨论了今后可能的研究方向。     

复合材料闭剖面加筋薄壁梁刚度系数计算分析

复合材料的可设计性为通过弹性剪裁来获得想要的变形模式带来了优势,其结构的耦合特性如拉扭耦合和弯扭耦合可以利用复合材料的各向异性来实现。以薄壁壳结构力学理论为基础,采用多种理论方法研究分析正交各向异性壳体本构关系,给出适合复合材料层压板矩形闭剖面薄壁梁截面的刚度系数解析表达;采用逐阶近似方法,完整设计复杂闭剖面的刚度系数数值算法;针对两种典型的复合材料铺层的矩形闭剖面梁截面布局构型,进行刚度特性的计算分析与讨论,获得铺层角度对复合材料薄壁梁弯曲、扭转及弯扭耦合刚度特性的定量结果。对分析设计闭剖面薄壁结构刚度条件具有应用价值。     

飞机舱门锁机构多失效模式可靠性分析方法

如何提高飞机舱门锁机构关闭系统的可靠性计算效率,减少计算时间,降低舱门故障率是亟待解决的 问题。选取某型飞机舱门锁机构为研究对象,通过 LMS建立飞机舱门锁机构仿真模型,研究锁机构关闭过程 中最大液压力失效和关锁时间失效模式的影响因素,考虑两种失效模式之间的相关性,基于重要抽样法和 B-P 神经网络方法,计算飞机舱门锁机构多失效模式下的可靠性;将这两种方法仿真计算结果与传统蒙特卡罗方法 计算结果进行对比,结果表明:以上两种计算飞机舱门锁机构可靠性的方法是合理的,其误差范围均在3%以 内,且两种方法的计算效率相较于传统方法均有所提高;其中,B-P神经网络方法比重要抽样法计算精度和效 率更高,更适用于研究飞机舱门锁机构的可靠性问题。     

热流计1:1分度装置与敞开式大平板分度装置分度差异的研究

分析了所研制的1:1热流计分度装置与常规的敞开式大平板热流计分度装置由于分度方法不同而导致的分度差异,并用差分方法对这种差异进行了计算。理论计算和实际测试结果都表明:对同一热流计,1:1分度装置的分度值比敞开式大平板分度装置的分度值高出20％左右。