Global Properties of Solar Flares

This article broadly reviews our knowledge of solar flares. There is a particular focus on their global properties, as opposed to the microphysics such as that needed for magnetic reconnection or particle acceleration as such. Indeed solar flares will always remain in the domain of remote sensing, so we cannot observe the microscales directly and must understand the basic physics entirely via the global properties plus theoretical inference. The global observables include the general energetics—radiation in flares and mass loss in coronal mass ejections (CMEs)—and the formation of different kinds of ejection and global wave disturbance: the type II radio-burst exciter, the Moreton wave, the EIT “wave”, and the “sunquake” acoustic waves in the solar interior. Flare radiation and CME kinetic energy can have comparable magnitudes, of order 10³² erg each for an X-class event, with the bulk of the radiant energy in the visible-UV continuum. We argue that the impulsive phase of the flare dominates the energetics of all of these manifestations, and also point out that energy and momentum in this phase largely reside in the electromagnetic field, not in the observable plasma.     

碳纤维复合壳体用基体环氧树脂研究进展

介绍了固体火箭发动机碳纤维缠绕用基体环氧树脂的种类、选择原则及适于碳纤维缠绕用基体树脂的研究进展.     

高超声速飞行器自抗扰分数阶PID控制器设计(英文)

自抗扰控制器利用跟踪微分器可解决超调量及快速性之间的矛盾,分数阶PID控制器在提高控制品质的同时扩大了被控系统参数的稳定域。结合自抗扰技术及分数阶PID控制器设计了自抗扰分数阶PID控制器,并应用于高超声速飞行器再入姿态控制。仿真结果表明,自抗扰分数阶PID控制器对于高超声速飞行器非线性模型及强外干扰的影响下具有很好的控制效果,并且有较大的稳定域,即针对被控系统参数变化具有更强的鲁棒性。     

载人飞船回收着陆半实物仿真系统关键技术研究

载人飞船回收着陆半实物仿真系统是通过模拟飞船返回压力环境,将回收程控装置硬件实物接入仿真回路的一个半实物仿真试验平台。文章简要介绍了该半实物仿真系统的结构,重点叙述了该半实物仿真系统中特有的负压高精度快速调节压力模拟、多通路指令信号处理、混合式网络、多阶段动力学仿真框架等关键技术。     

钼酚醛树脂成碳率测量的影响因素及其不确定度

酚醛树脂的成碳率受样品自身及成碳条件的各种因素影响,使其成碳率的热重法(TGA)测量结果因试验条件不同而不同.为掌握其中关系,以便对酚醛树脂体系的成碳率做出正确的测评,本文通过试验考察了样品粒径分布、氮气流速、样品量等因素对钼酚醛树脂成碳率测量结果的影响程度与规律,并对其测量不确定度进行了分析.结果表明,样品粒径分布与样品量是影响钼酚醛树脂成碳率的主要因素,在常规测试条件下,TGA法测量钼酚醛树脂成碳率的扩展不确定度为0.9%.     

雾化激波管研制和煤油点火延时测量

为测量雾化煤油点火延时和得到火焰自发辐射光强分布,研制了雾化激波管和燃料雾化、进气系统.采用"管外预混"思想形成煤油气溶胶,通过连续进气和抽吸方法使气溶胶均匀分布,未出现明显的液滴沉降和壁面吸附.当点火温度为1000K,缝合接触面运行的实验时间大于10ms.由压电传感器PCB和光电倍增管PMT测量指定点压力、OH基光强时间曲线.利用Mie散射测量煤油气溶胶散射光分布,采用ICCD拍摄自点火发射光强.结果表明:该雾化系统可形成粒径为2~5μm煤油气溶胶.当压力为0.1MPa、温度为1300K~1700K,测得化学计量比φ=1.0煤油气溶胶点火延时τig为0.07~6ms,ln(τig)和10000/Tig近似呈线性关系.与气态煤油相比,该文高温点火延时和已有文献数据接近,但低温点火延时偏大,表明了低温下煤油点火的两相效应.     

Determination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Foton M-2</Emphasis> satellite attitude motion by the data of microacceleration measurements

The results of reconstruction of uncontrolled attitude motion of the Foton M-2 satellite using measurements with the accelerometer TAS-3 are presented. The attitude motion of this satellite has been previously determined by the measurement data of the Earth’s magnetic field and the angular velocity. The TAS-3 data for this purpose are used for the first time. These data contain a well-pronounced additional component which made impossible their direct employment for the reconstruction of the attitude motion and whose origin was unknown several years ago. Later it has become known that the additional component is caused by the influence of the Earth’s magnetic field. The disclosure of this fact allowed us to take into account a necessary correction in processing of TAS-3 data and to use them for the reconstruction of the attitude motion of Foton M-2. Here, a modified method of processing TAS-3 data is described, as well as results of its testing and employing. The testing consisted in the direct comparison of the motion reconstructed by the new method with the motion constructed by the magnetic measurements. The new method allowed us to find the actual motion of Foton M-2 in the period June 9, 2005–June 14, 2005, when no magnetic measurements were carried out.     

基于源项辨识的飞机座舱污染浓度动态预测

随着大型民机飞行时间的延长,座舱空气污染事故发生概率也随之增大,快速准确的污染浓度预测对保证乘客生命安全具有重要意义.座舱各污染浓度的动态预测和污染源项强度辨识是实现座舱空气质量实时预测的关键技术.污染源项散发强度辨识,如采用最小二乘算法,参数估计是静态的,一般延迟较大;如采用单模卡尔曼滤波算法,虽能实现动态辨识,但不能同时兼顾稳态和过渡过程(突发污染)的参数估计性能,导致误差较大.为解决上述难题,本文提出基于源项辨识的飞机座舱污染浓度动态预测方法,同时完成污染源散发强度动态辨识和污染浓度状态实时预测.该算法由2个滤波器组成,分别用于匹配系统的稳态和突发过渡过程特征,提高浓度方程参数估计和状态预测性能,保证飞机座舱空气质量态势预测的快速性和准确性.仿真结果证实了该算法的有效性.     

位置不确定持续移动对象的离散表示

基于快照模型,提出对多个离散快照进行整体插值来生成不确定性二维移动点对象的离散模型用于时空数据库系统的实现。利用GM（1,1）模型,通过灰生成降低各个离散快照本身包含的不确定性,建立能够反映移动对象的整体运动趋势的离散实现模型。与线性插值模型的对比实验说明,信息受限情况下采用该模型计算位置不确定持续运动对象的时空运动情况能够保持稳定的低误筹率。     

基于证据理论的潜艇舱室综合环境质量评价

以我国核潜艇舱室环境为研究对象,开展综合环境质量评价研究.经分析确定与潜艇舱室环境质量相关的影响因素主要包括温度、湿度、空气污染物、颗粒状污染物、微生物及噪声.为克服上述多评价因素之间的多项性和不确定性,提出采用基于D-S(Dempster-Shafer)证据理论的潜艇舱室综合环境质量评价方法.该方法是在层次分析法的基础上,引入证据理论,利用D-S合成公式对不同权重的多个专家评价信息进行合成.该方法能够有效综合多个不同权威评价专家的不确定性评价意见,提高评价结果可信度.