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851.
M. M. Shvarts S. M. Grach E. N. Sergeev V. L. Frolov 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1995,15(12):59-62
Results of computer simulations of the broad continuum (BC) feature of stimulated electromagnetic emissions (SEE) of the ionosphere are presented. The simulations were performed using the model of BC generation based on the double transformation of electromagnetic waves to upper hybrid (UH) waves and back with artificial small scale irregularities (ASI) of plasma density. An induced scattering of the UH waves by thermal ions provided a wide spectrum of SEE. For the simulations an empirical model of the ASI spectrum, development and decay was used. 相似文献
852.
Kirubarajan T. Bar-Shalom Y. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1996,32(4):1367-1384
In conventional passive and active sonar system, target amplitude information (AI) at the output of the signal processor is used only to declare detections and provide measurements. We show that the AI can be used in passive sonar system, with or without frequency measurements, in the estimation process itself to enhance the performance in the presence of clutter where the target-originated measurements cannot be identified with certainty, i.e., for “low observable” or “dim” (low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) targets. A probabilistic data association (PDA) based maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for target motion analysis (TMA) that uses amplitude information is derived. A track formation algorithm and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) in the presence of false measurements, which is met by the estimator even under low SNR conditions, are also given. The CRLB is met by the proposed estimator even at 6 dB in a cell (which corresponds to 0 dB for 1 Hz bandwidth in the case of a 0.25 Hz frequency cell) whereas the estimator without AI works only down to 9 dB. Results demonstrate improved accuracy and superior global convergence when compared with the estimator without AI. The same methodology can be used for bistatic radar 相似文献
853.
Microorganisms and enzyme activity in permafrost after removal of long-term cold stress 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
E.A Vorobyova V.S Soina A.L Mulukin 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1996,18(12):103-108
Associations of immobilized microbial cells and organic-mineral complexes containing active enzymes are resistant to long-term (from tens of thousands to millions of years) effects of extremely low temperatures. This association enables the cells to restore their metabolic activity during permafrost thawing, because interactions with the heterogenous medium is made possible by the availability of active immobilized enzymes. The long-term effect of the cold probably favors an adaptational change of microbial metabolism that activates enzymes and cells during thawing. 相似文献
854.
L O'C Drury 《Space Science Reviews》1996,75(1-2):269-277
The possibility of observing gamma ray emission from supernova remnants is discussed. It is shown that this could be possible in the 100 MeV band accessible to satellite instruments, but that confusion with the Galactic background is a major problem. At TeV energies and with modern imaging atmospheric cherenkov telescopes the situation should be much better and at least some of the nearby remnants may be detectable. Positive detections in both bands would provide a decisive test of current theoretical ideas on particle acceleration in supernova remnants and the origin of the Galactic cosmic rays. 相似文献
855.
Rosenthal P.L. Brownlow J.D. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1985,(6):821-822
A method is developed for estimating circular error probable values and circular error probable rate values of an inertial navigation system using the concepts of Kalman filtering and time averaging. 相似文献
856.
L. L. Regel 《Space Science Reviews》1988,48(1-2):169-186
This paper is a review dealing with recent publications on theoretical and experimental investigations on space materials science under lower gravity. The importance of the results obtained by the present time and the wide perspectives for future investigations in this field are outlined. 相似文献
857.
J T Lett E L Peters 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(2-3):51-58
For decades, theories of cellular radiosensitivity relied upon the initial patterns of energy deposition to explain radiation lethality. Such theories are unsound: cellular (DNA) repair also underlies cellular radiosensitivity. For the charged particles encountered in deep space, both the types of DNA damage caused in cellular deoxyribonucleoproteins and the efficacies of their repair are dependent on linear energy transfer (LET infinity), and repair efficiency is also influenced by cell and tissue type, i.e., the actual recovery processes involved. Therefore, quality factors derived from radiation quality alone are inadequate parameters for assessing the radiation risks of space flight. Until recently, OH radicals formed in bulk nuclear water were believed to be the major causes of DNA damage that results in cell death, especially for sparsely ionizing radiations. That hypothesis has now been challenged, if not refuted. Lethal genomic DNA damage is determined mainly by energy deposition in deoxyribonucleoproteins, and their hydration shells, and charge (energy) transfer processes within those structures. 相似文献
858.
A E Nicogossian J D Rummel L Leveton R Teeter 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(1):329-337
By the turn of this century, long-duration space missions, either in low Earth orbit or for got early planetary missions, will become commonplace. From the physiological standpoint, exposure to the weightless environment results in changes in body function, some of which are adaptive in nature and some of which can be life threatening. Important issues such as environmental health, radiation protection, physical deconditioning, and bone and muscle loss are of concern to life scientists and mission designers. Physical conditioning techniques such as exercise are not sufficient to protect future space travellers. A review of past experience with piloted missions has shown that gradual breakdown in bone and muscle tissue, together with fluid losses, despite a vigorous exercise regimen can ultimately lead to increased evidence of renal stones, musculoskeletal injuries, and bone fractures. Biological effects of radiation can, over long periods of time increase the risk of cancer development. Today, a vigorous program of study on the means to provide a complex exercise regimen to the antigravity muscles and skeleton is under study. Additional evaluation of artificial gravity as a mechanism to counteract bone and muscle deconditioning and cardiovascular asthenia is under study. New radiation methods are being developed. This paper will deal with the results of these studies. 相似文献
859.
C. E. Fichtel D. L. Bertsch B. Dingus R. C. Hartman S. D. Hunter G. Kanbach D. A. Kniffen P. W. Kwok Y. C. Lin J. R. Mattox H. A. Mayer-Hasselwander P. F. Michelson C. von Montigny P. L. Nolan K. Pinkau H. Rothermel E. J. Schneid M. Sommer P. Sreekumar D. J. Thompson 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1993,13(12):637-646
The Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory covers the high energy gamma ray energy range, approximately 30 MeV to 30 GeV, with a sensitivity considerably greater than earlier high energy gamma-ray satellites. Thus far, 4 pulsars have been detected and their properties measured, including in 3 cases the energy spectrum as a function of phase. The details of the galactic plane are being mapped and a spectra of the center region has been obtained in good agreement with that expected from cosmic ray interactions. The Magellanic clouds have been examined with the Large Magellanic Cloud having been detected at a level consistent with it having a cosmic ray density compatible with quasi-stable equilibrium. Sixteen Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN's) have been seen thus far with a high degree of certainty including 12 quasars and 4 BL Lac objects, but no Seyferts. Time variation has been detected in some of these AGN's. 相似文献
860.
L Milas I Nishiguchi N Hunter D Murray R Fleck H Ito E Travis 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(2-3):265-271
Protective effects of indomethacin, a prototype prostaglandin-inhibiting agent, against early and late sequelae of radiation injury (after X-rays or gamma rays) in mice were investigated. The following tissues or organs were examined: hematopoietic tissue, esophagus, jejunum, colon, lung, hair follicles, and tissues involved in the development of radiation-induced leg contractures. In addition, the effect of indomethacin was tested against radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In all experiments, the radiation was delivered as a single dose. Indomethacin led to significant protection of hematopoietic tissue, by a factor of 1.3. There was also some protection against radiation-induced pneumonitis and against radiation-induced carcinogenesis (protection factor of 1.2). The other tissues tested showed no change in their radioresponse after being treated with indomethacin. Thus, indomethacin can act as a radioprotective agent against both early and late sequelae of radiation, but its effect is dependent on the tissue tested. This protection is smaller than that observed with WR-2721. However, indomethacin combined with WR-2721 produced a radioprotective effect greater than the radioprotection achieved by individual treatments. 相似文献