Evaluation of Turbulence Models in Predicting Hypersonic and Subsonic Base Flows Using Grid Adaptation Techniques

The flows behind the base of a generic rocket, at both hypersonic and subsonic flow conditions, are numerically studied. The main concerns are addressed to the evaluation of turbulence models and the using of grid adaptation techniques. The investiga- tion focuses on two configurations, related to hypersonic and subsonic experiments. The applicability tests of different turbulence models are conducted on the level of two-equation models calculating the steady state solution of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations. All used models, the original Wilcox k-ω, the Menter shear-stress transport (SST) and the explicit algebraic Reynolds stress model(EARSM) formulation, predict an asymmetric base flow in both cases caused by the support of the models. A comparison with preliminary experimental results indicates a preference for the SST and EARSM results over the results from the older k-ω model. Sensitivity studies show no significant influence of the grid topology or the location of the laminar to turbulent transition on the base flow field, but a strong influence of even small angles of attack is reported from the related experiments.     

Advances in the Researches of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere in China in 2012–2014

In this report we summarize the research results by Chinese scientists in 2012–2014. The focuses are placed on the researches of the middle and upper atmosphere, specifically the researches related to ground-based observation capability development, dynamical processes, the property of circulation and chemistry-climate coupling of the middle atmospheric layers.     

Control of Lunar and Martian dust--experimental insights from artificial and natural cyanobacterial and algal crusts in the desert of Inner Mongolia, China

Studies on the colonization of environmentally extreme ground surfaces were conducted in a Mars-like desert area of Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, with microalgae and cyanobacteria. We collected and mass-cultured cyanobacterial strains from these regions and investigated their ability to form desert crusts artificially. These crusts had the capacity to resist sand wind erosion after just 15 days of growth. Similar to the surface of some Chinese deserts, the surface of Mars is characterized by a layer of fine dust, which will challenge future human exploration activities, particularly in confined spaces that will include greenhouses and habitats. We discuss the use of such crusts for the local control of desert sands in enclosed spaces on Mars. These experiments suggest innovative new directions in the applied use of microbe-mineral interactions to advance the human exploration and settlement of space.     

直接数字式频率合成

直接数字式频率合成采用一种数字码控制的相位累加器。该累加器对包含有所需波形的只读存贮器(ROM)寻址。ROM 依次向数模变换器提供指令,以变换成量化的模拟信号。这种方法由于器件加工工艺(特别是 ROM 和数模变换器)的限制而被列入音频和低频射频信号的合成范围。大规模集成(LSI)器件工艺的迅速发展以及直接数字式电路与间接合成电路的结合将导致兼有两种技术优点的混合电路的设计。本文介绍基本的直接数字式合成器的设计及其与间接锁相环相比较的优缺点。还介绍将两者加以组合来实现兼有两种技术优点的可能方法。     

用时间测量长度

米是光在真空中在1/299,792,458秒时间间隔里所通过的路程——建议的米的新定义。目前利用原子钟的频率跃迁测量时间可能较之利用光辐射波长侧量距离要准确得多。因此,国际米定义咨询委员会(CCDM)提出的米的新定义为较多地提高米的测定精度开辟了途径。最近科罗拉多州波尔德国家     

Volland对流电场模型的实验参数

本文将几个地面和卫星观测结果结合起来给出Volland对流电场模型的实验参数.结果能很好地与GEOS-2卫星所测得的等离子体层顶运动特征、STARE雷达测得的Harang不连续性的运动及近年来探测的磁层电离层电场相吻合.文章指出只要Volland电场模型的参数由实验确定后, 将更有助于磁层和电离层物理的研究.      

碧血情殉——记抗日期间空军一对恋人的痴情感人故事

日本军阀于1931年在我东北借故发动九一八事件,侵占我东北三省,乃其阴谋侵略我国的第一步,当时使我全国同胞震惊,大家同仇敌忾一心抗日.不少热血青年争相从军报国,在学青年不少也弃笔从戒,改考各军事学校救亡图存.其中有的则受国父的航空救国的感召,投考航空学校的更形踊跃.须知当时的航校除在杭州有一中央航空学校之外,仅在广州尚有一个广东航校,在柳州也有一个广西航校而已,且各校每期招生人数有限,加上报考人数多,能考上被录取的比率,平均只有百分之一、二而已,其难度有似满清时代考状元一样.乃因当年所定空勤体检标准特别高,是考生们的难关.当时在杭州国立艺专就读的有位南国青年名叫黄荣发,每次假日身临风景明媚的西子湖畔,每值碰上穿着军装神气活现的航校学生,总觉得不是味道,与自己有些差异.他原是一个活泼好动的青年,什么学校不进,偏偏进去与自己个性完全不相称的艺专,而且还是千里迢迢远从广东台山家乡而来,未免有点委屈了自己的感觉.1935年夏,他已按耐不住,要非去改考航校不可,正是皇心不负苦心人,他被录取了,黄是个性情好动的人,在南京小营军校入伍的期间,每遇校中有任何游艺集会的场合,总少不了有他的表演.小提琴固是他拿手节目之一,尚有和尚学女舞一项,每次表演的花样     

电子抗干扰改善因子(EIF)

人类发展的历史是不断战胜邪恶的历史,在雷达发展史上也同样有类似的情况,在人类发展过程中,人创造了雷达,雷达用于战争,提供了远距离的,全天候的眼睛。这样就出现了电子干扰进入雷达图象的现象。人们观察到了电子干扰,就决定纠正,因此就产生了电子抗干扰。在雷达初期阶段,在雷达作用距离范围内几乎观察不到干扰,提高雷达灵敏度以增大探测距离会产生不需要的副作用。但自然电子干     

利用弹道试验发动机确定弹道性能

本文研究了燃速参数之间的关系。象确定速度系数和速度指数关系那样,确定了温度和压力敏感系数之间的麦克斯韦关系。按一般条件,导出了发动机和速度敏感系数之间的关系。同时由Geckler和Sprenger根据一般经验公式导出了数据相容性关系。     

道格拉斯在小批量生产中寻求效益

一直以维持小批量民机生产同时又保持盈利的麦道公司已制定了一些应变措施,以防今后12个月内窄体运输机的订货仍不回升.措施之一是在1996年上半年以最适当的速度制造MD-11三发喷气机,下半年暂时解雇道格拉斯飞机公司(DAC)的一些工人.另一项措施是合并MD-11和MD-80双发飞机的生产线,以达到最大生产效率.据一位主要财政官员讲:“这不是一个产量问题.前几年,公司年产飞机比现在要多得多,但亏损也达到最