PCBN刀具磨损性能的试验研究

对PCBN刀具车削淬硬钢、冷硬铸铁和复合材料等的磨损性能进行了试验研究,结果表明PCBN刀具的切削性能优于硬质合金与陶瓷刀具.近年来,PCBN刀具材料的制造工艺和综合力学性能有了很大的发展,它能有效地对黑色金属进行粗加工.     

弹用小型涡喷发动机涡轮部件研制特点

弹用小型涡喷发动机涡轮部件由于小型化和特殊用途,使它具有不同于其它类型涡喷发动机涡轮部件的独特设计要求和研制准则。结合某涡轮部件的设计、生产,详细讨论了其研制特点和设计要求。     

应用“出汗”暖体假人设计,评价航天服调温功能

详细地论述了“出汗”暖体假人在设计与评价防护服中的应用，包括通风服、液冷服及防寒服中关于身体各节段的流量分布、服装隔热值与表面热流以及进口液温和流率对服装致冷能力的影响等问题。目的是为使用“出汗”暖体假人技术在设计与评价航天服调温功能研究中提供启示和借鉴     

Why O2 is required by complex life on habitable planets and the concept of planetary "oxygenation time"

Life is constructed from a limited toolkit: the Periodic Table. The reduction of oxygen provides the largest free energy release per electron transfer, except for the reduction of fluorine and chlorine. However, the bonding of O2 ensures that it is sufficiently stable to accumulate in a planetary atmosphere, whereas the more weakly bonded halogen gases are far too reactive ever to achieve significant abundance. Consequently, an atmosphere rich in O2 provides the largest feasible energy source. This universal uniqueness suggests that abundant O2 is necessary for the high-energy demands of complex life anywhere, i.e., for actively mobile organisms of approximately 10(-1)-10(0) m size scale with specialized, differentiated anatomy comparable to advanced metazoans. On Earth, aerobic metabolism provides about an order of magnitude more energy for a given intake of food than anaerobic metabolism. As a result, anaerobes do not grow beyond the complexity of uniseriate filaments of cells because of prohibitively low growth efficiencies in a food chain. The biomass cumulative number density, n, at a particular mass, m, scales as n (> m) proportional to m(-1) for aquatic aerobes, and we show that for anaerobes the predicted scaling is n proportional to m (-1.5), close to a growth-limited threshold. Even with aerobic metabolism, the partial pressure of atmospheric O2 (P(O2)) must exceed approximately 10(3) Pa to allow organisms that rely on O2 diffusion to evolve to a size approximately 10(3) m x P(O2) in the range approximately 10(3)-10(4) Pa is needed to exceed the threshold of approximately 10(2) m size for complex life with circulatory physiology. In terrestrial life, O(2) also facilitates hundreds of metabolic pathways, including those that make specialized structural molecules found only in animals. The time scale to reach P(O(2)) approximately 10(4) Pa, or "oxygenation time," was long on the Earth (approximately 3.9 billion years), within almost a factor of 2 of the Sun's main sequence lifetime. Consequently, we argue that the oxygenation time is likely to be a key rate-limiting step in the evolution of complex life on other habitable planets. The oxygenation time could preclude complex life on Earth-like planets orbiting short-lived stars that end their main sequence lives before planetary oxygenation takes place. Conversely, Earth-like planets orbiting long-lived stars are potentially favorable habitats for complex life.     

基于人体热调节模型的民机座舱热舒适性分析

民机座舱热舒适性研究对我国研制的大型飞机市场竞争力具有重要意义.在舒适性研究中人体热模型的合理性是影响舒适性分析与评价的关键.在开展的有限空间人员热特性实验测试基础上,建立了一种具有热调节行为的人体热模型,将人体复杂传热过程抽象为高温核心区、血液灌注区和等效组织区三者间热传递,很好地克服了常规定壁温或定热流密度人体模型的局限性,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好.将该模型结合文中提出的无迭代PMV(Predicted Mean Vote)热舒适性方程,在保证计算速度的前提下,可实现高人员密度的民机座舱舒适性分析.仿真结果表明:该方法既能够满足复杂空间的计算速度要求,又能较准确地体现人体生理热调节过程,仿真结果可靠性高.     

基于故障建模的双余度舵机故障诊断技术

针对双余度舵机系统结构复杂、故障诊断困难的问题,提出了根据故障模型反向推理的故障诊断方法.在充分考虑各元件失效机理的基础上,将故障注入闭环系统建立典型故障模型.故障模型仿真了不同元件故障如何导致系统性能下降甚至完全失效.基于故障模型的仿真结果,对可观测到的异常状况进行分类和逆向推理归纳出故障诊断方法,并利用数学公式对一些故障量化评估.该诊断方法涵盖系统各元件,可快速定位故障元件,判断失效原因并进行定量分析,而且算法简单易于工程实现.      

嫦娥二号卫星揭秘

高灵敏度X波段深空应答机技术 探月二期工程将采用×波段测控体制,嫦娥二号卫星对此体制将进行先期验证.目前,国内型号中尚无星地×波段测控体制应用的实践,×波段深空应答机的研制涉及设计、器件和工艺等一系列难点,将重点解决低信噪比的载波捕获与跟踪以及在解调损耗紧张、低信噪比条件下保持较高的灵敏度等关键技术.     

空间碎片防护研究现状与国内发展建议

文章回顾了近期国外空间碎片防护领域的研究现状和热点问题;介绍了“十一五”期间国内空间碎片防护研究的若干进展;立足我国研究现状,通过对国内航天器防护工程需求分析,提出了未来我国空间碎片防护领域研究发展建议。     

对地观测卫星总体参数多学科优化

针对对地观测卫星总体参数设计问题,建立了以对地观测性能最佳为目标的多学科优化模型,考虑姿轨控制、电源、结构、推进、有效载荷5个分系统的设计变量和相应约束条件,并考虑运载火箭对卫星设计的约束条件,通过经验公式建立分析模型.采用协同优化方法,利用外点罚函数法将系统级优化问题转化为无约束优化问题以改善协同优化系统级的数值缺陷,建立了多学科设计优化框架.计算结果表明通过优化可提升卫星的对地观测性能,验证了该方法的合理性.建模思路与优化方法可望用于更贴合工程实际的卫星参数设计.      

Measurement and assessment of wind tunnel flow quality

For decades, wind tunnel testing has been conducted in test section environments that have not been adequately or consistently documented. Since wind tunnel flow quality can adversely affect test results, accurate and consistent flow quality measurements are required, along with an understanding of the sources, characteristics, and management of flow turbulence. This paper will review turbulence measurement techniques and data obtained in subsonic, transonic, and supersonic test facilities as they relate to the determination and assessment of wind tunnel flow quality. The principles and practical application of instrumentation used in the measurement and characterization of wind tunnel turbulence will be described. Techniques used for the identification of the sources of wind tunnel disturbances, and the performance of turbulence suppression devices will be outlined. These test techniques will be illustrated with extensive measurements obtained in a number of test facilities. The measurements will provide comprehensive turbulence data that are vital to the assessment and management of flow quality. Procedures designed to assess the potential influence of adverse flow quality on wind tunnel model test performance will also be discussed.