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详细地论述了“出汗”暖体假人在设计与评价防护服中的应用,包括通风服、液冷服及防寒服中关于身体各节段的流量分布、服装隔热值与表面热流以及进口液温和流率对服装致冷能力的影响等问题。目的是为使用“出汗”暖体假人技术在设计与评价航天服调温功能研究中提供启示和借鉴 相似文献
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Life is constructed from a limited toolkit: the Periodic Table. The reduction of oxygen provides the largest free energy release per electron transfer, except for the reduction of fluorine and chlorine. However, the bonding of O2 ensures that it is sufficiently stable to accumulate in a planetary atmosphere, whereas the more weakly bonded halogen gases are far too reactive ever to achieve significant abundance. Consequently, an atmosphere rich in O2 provides the largest feasible energy source. This universal uniqueness suggests that abundant O2 is necessary for the high-energy demands of complex life anywhere, i.e., for actively mobile organisms of approximately 10(-1)-10(0) m size scale with specialized, differentiated anatomy comparable to advanced metazoans. On Earth, aerobic metabolism provides about an order of magnitude more energy for a given intake of food than anaerobic metabolism. As a result, anaerobes do not grow beyond the complexity of uniseriate filaments of cells because of prohibitively low growth efficiencies in a food chain. The biomass cumulative number density, n, at a particular mass, m, scales as n (> m) proportional to m(-1) for aquatic aerobes, and we show that for anaerobes the predicted scaling is n proportional to m (-1.5), close to a growth-limited threshold. Even with aerobic metabolism, the partial pressure of atmospheric O2 (P(O2)) must exceed approximately 10(3) Pa to allow organisms that rely on O2 diffusion to evolve to a size approximately 10(3) m x P(O2) in the range approximately 10(3)-10(4) Pa is needed to exceed the threshold of approximately 10(2) m size for complex life with circulatory physiology. In terrestrial life, O(2) also facilitates hundreds of metabolic pathways, including those that make specialized structural molecules found only in animals. The time scale to reach P(O(2)) approximately 10(4) Pa, or "oxygenation time," was long on the Earth (approximately 3.9 billion years), within almost a factor of 2 of the Sun's main sequence lifetime. Consequently, we argue that the oxygenation time is likely to be a key rate-limiting step in the evolution of complex life on other habitable planets. The oxygenation time could preclude complex life on Earth-like planets orbiting short-lived stars that end their main sequence lives before planetary oxygenation takes place. Conversely, Earth-like planets orbiting long-lived stars are potentially favorable habitats for complex life. 相似文献
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基于人体热调节模型的民机座舱热舒适性分析 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
民机座舱热舒适性研究对我国研制的大型飞机市场竞争力具有重要意义.在舒适性研究中人体热模型的合理性是影响舒适性分析与评价的关键.在开展的有限空间人员热特性实验测试基础上,建立了一种具有热调节行为的人体热模型,将人体复杂传热过程抽象为高温核心区、血液灌注区和等效组织区三者间热传递,很好地克服了常规定壁温或定热流密度人体模型的局限性,计算结果与实验结果吻合较好.将该模型结合文中提出的无迭代PMV(Predicted Mean Vote)热舒适性方程,在保证计算速度的前提下,可实现高人员密度的民机座舱舒适性分析.仿真结果表明:该方法既能够满足复杂空间的计算速度要求,又能较准确地体现人体生理热调节过程,仿真结果可靠性高. 相似文献
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针对双余度舵机系统结构复杂、故障诊断困难的问题,提出了根据故障模型反向推理的故障诊断方法.在充分考虑各元件失效机理的基础上,将故障注入闭环系统建立典型故障模型.故障模型仿真了不同元件故障如何导致系统性能下降甚至完全失效.基于故障模型的仿真结果,对可观测到的异常状况进行分类和逆向推理归纳出故障诊断方法,并利用数学公式对一些故障量化评估.该诊断方法涵盖系统各元件,可快速定位故障元件,判断失效原因并进行定量分析,而且算法简单易于工程实现. 相似文献
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