Study on dependence of hydrodynamic characteristics on gravity in a vertical upward channel bubbly flow

Since the bubbly flow has extensive applications in the space field, it is very necessary to comprehend the dependence of hydrodynamic characteristics on gravity. In this paper, the dependence of the microbubble distribution and the liquid turbulence modulation by the microbubbles on gravity was investigated in detail with the Euler–Lagrange method. The liquid Navier–Stokes equation was solved using direct numerical simulations (DNS), and the microbubble motion was tracked with Newtonian motion equation considering drag force, shear lift force, added mass force, pressure gradient force, and wall lift force. The coupling between the gas and the liquid phases regarded the interphase force as a momentum source term in the momentum equation of the liquid. The results showed that the phase profile and the turbulence modulation by the microbubbles strongly depend on the magnitude of gravity. When the influence of gravity is relatively weak, the microbubbles approximately uniformly disperse in the wide central region of the channel, and the average statistics of the liquid turbulence are almost not influenced due to the addition of the microbubbles. However, when the influence of gravity is comparatively important, the majority of the microbubbles accumulate near the wall of the channel, and the injection of the microbubbles modifies the profiles of the liquid average statistics.     

The short gamma-ray burst – SGR giant flare connection

We review the notion that some extragalactic giant magnetar flares could be mistaken for short cosmic gamma-ray bursts. There are at least two general ways to approach this problem. One is statistical, while the other considers individual bursts. Both methods appear to agree that extragalactic flares can be, and indeed are, present in the short burst population, although the rate of such events remains uncertain. The statistical studies all suggest a rate of ∼1–15% in the short GRB sample.     

Soft gamma repeaters

The observational properties of the soft gamma repeaters are reviewed briefly, starting with the time histories and energy spectra of their bursts. The short bursts and giant flares are compared. Their quiescent emission is presented, and the context of the magnetar model is discussed.     

飞行器密封性智能检测技术探析

在充分研究已有的密封性检测方法的基础上,基于压力压差法和超声波法,提出了一套合理的智能密封性检测技术,能够实现泄漏率自动检测和泄漏点自动定位,最大程度上避免了人为因素的影响。所探讨的技术为智能检测系统的进一步设计提供了理论基础,有助于改善密封性检测领域的落后形势。     

A status report on the characterization of the microgravity environment of the International Space Station

A primary objective of the International Space Station is to provide a long-term quiescent environment for the conduct of scientific research for a variety of microgravity science disciplines. Since continuous human presence on the space station began in November 2000 through the end of Increment-6, over 1260 hours of crew time have been allocated to research. However, far more research time has been accumulated by experiments controlled on the ground. By the end of the time period covered by this paper (end of Increment-6), the total experiment hours performed on the station are well over 100,000 hours (Expedition 6 Press Kit: Station Begins Third Year of Human Occupation, Boeing/USA/NASA, October 25, 2002). This paper presents the results of the on-going effort by the Principal Investigator Microgravity Services project, at NASA Glenn Research Center, in Cleveland, Ohio, to characterize the microgravity environment of the International Space Station in order to keep the microgravity scientific community apprised of the reduced gravity environment provided by the station for the performance of space experiments. This paper focuses on the station microgravity environment for Increments 5 and 6. During that period over 580 Gbytes of acceleration data were collected, out of which over 34,790 hours were analyzed. The results presented in this paper are divided into two sections: quasi-steady and vibratory. For the quasi-steady analysis, over 7794 hours of acceleration data were analyzed, while over 27,000 hours were analyzed for the vibratory analysis. The results of the data analysis are presented in this paper in the form of a grand summary for the period under consideration. For the quasi-steady acceleration response, results are presented in the form of a 95% confidence interval for the station during "normal microgravity mode operations" for the following three attitudes: local vertical local horizontal, X-axis perpendicular to the orbit plane and the Russian torque equilibrium attitude. The same analysis was performed for the station during "non-microgravity mode operations" to assess the station quasi-steady acceleration environment over a long period of time. The same type of analysis was performed for the vibratory, but a 95th percentile benchmark was used, which shows the overall acceleration magnitude during Increments 5 and 6. The results, for both quasi-steady and vibratory acceleration response, show that the station is not yet meeting the microgravity requirements during the microgravity mode operations. However, it should be stressed that the requirements apply only at assembly complete, whereas the results presented below apply up to the station's configuration at the end of Increment-6.     

Terahertz circular dichroism spectroscopy: a potential approach to the in situ detection of life's metabolic and genetic machinery

We propose a terahertz (far-infrared) circular dichroism-based life-detection technology that may provide a universal and unequivocal spectroscopic signature of living systems regardless of their genesis. We argue that, irrespective of the specifics of their chemistry, all life forms will employ well-structured, chiral, stereochemically pure macromolecules (>500 atoms) as the catalysts with which they perform their metabolic and replicative functions. We also argue that nearly all such macromolecules will absorb strongly at terahertz frequencies and exhibit significant circular dichroism, and that this circular dichroism unambiguously distinguishes biological from abiological materials. Lastly, we describe several approaches to the fabrication of a terahertz circular dichroism spectrometer and provide preliminary experimental indications of their feasibility. Because terahertz circular dichroism signals arise from the molecular machinery necessary to carry out life's metabolic and genetic processes, this life-detection method differs fundamentally from more well-established approaches based on the detection of isotopic fractionation, "signature" carbon compounds, disequilibria, or other by-products of metabolism. Moreover, terahertz circular dichroism spectroscopy detects this machinery in a manner that makes few, if any, assumptions as to its chemical nature or the processes that it performs.     

弹丸撞击防护屏形成碎片云速度特性研究

微流星及空间碎片的高速撞击威胁着长寿命，大尺寸航天器的安全运行，导致其严重的损伤和灾难性的失效，为精确估计微流星及空间碎片主速撞击防护屏产生的碎片对舱壁的损伤，必须确定碎片云速度特性。文章在冲量和能量守恒的基础上，建立了碎片速度性分析模型，研究了碎片云的速度特性，得到了碎片云材料传播及碎片云喷射角随弹丸撞击速度的变化规律。     

航天器波纹防护屏高速撞击实验研究

微流量及空间碎片的高速撞击威胁着航天器的安全运行 ,导致其严重的损伤和灾难性的失效。本文给出和分析了柱状弹丸高速撞击铝合金波纹防护屏 Whipple防护实验研究的结果。结果表明 :波纹防护屏具有分散不同入射角弹丸高速撞击所产生碎片云损伤能量的特性 ,并能降低弹丸滑弹碎片对航天器外部结构和子系统的损伤 ,该防护结构的防护性能优于铝合金板防护屏 Whipple防护。     

环境模拟舱体的建模仿真及控制方法

环境试验时需要精确控制环境模拟舱体内的温度以满足军标要求,同时为了解决环境模拟舱体内加热过程中升温速率与控制精度之间的矛盾,在对其温度变化进行动态特性分析与建模的基础上,提出采用专家控制策略控制环境模拟舱内的温度,并对其控制效果进行了仿真研究.仿真结果与现场运行调试结果均表明:专家控制方法具有无超调、响应速度快、稳态精度高、加温效率明显的优点,是可行和有效的;与试验数据相比,建立的传热模型和控制系统模型具有较高的准确性,符合实际情况.这种建模仿真及控制方法为实际过程中研究控制规律提供了有力的参考和帮助,对研究类似问题具有深远意义.      

球面密封结构密封状态的力学分析及验证

针对卫星推进系统管路中经常使用的球面密封结构,分析了其密封的机理,讨论了塑性变形对金属密封的重要作用。在此基础上,采用非线形有限元法对其进行了弹塑性分析和接触分析,得出了拧紧力矩和密封状态的对应关系,并通过实验验证了分析方法的准确性。