Inertial deposition of suspended particles in a flow around a porous cylinder

The results of studying a dispersed airflow around a single porous cylinder are presented. The flow field of carrying medium outside the cylinder is described within the framework of the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible gas; inside the porous cylinder the Darcy-Brinkman extended equations for averaged velocity are used. The numerical solution of the medium equations is achieved in the FLUENT package. In the found field of carrying medium velocities the suspended particle trajectories are calculated. Also given are the dependences of the particle inertial deposition effectiveness on the Stokes number at various values of the Darcy number.     

A method of measuring energy of higher than 20 GeV protons with the help of thin (about 0.6 nuclear path lengths) discrete calorimeter

Calorimeters play an important role in cosmic-ray physics and, in particular, in experiments, which are carried out in the atmosphere with balloons and on satellites in space. This paper presents a method of energy measurement for protons (at energy higher than 20 GeV) with the help of a thin discrete calorimeter (using as an example the position-sensitive silicon-tungsten calorimeter of the PAMELA experiment) developed based on the data of simulation by the Monte-Carlo method and on the results of test experiment at an accelerator in charged particle beams. The method is based on measurement of the total released energy and on the criterion of event selection, which characterizes the beginning of particle cascade development in the calorimeter. The influence of insertion of additional parameters on the energy resolution obtained with the help of this method is also studied.     

Numerical analysis of the coefficients of temperature restitution and heat transfer in high-speed flows

A technique for numerical calculations of the coefficients of temperature restitution and heat transfer on the surface streamlined by a high-speed constant-composition flow is suggested. The data obtained in the course of numerical studies of local coefficients of temperature restitution and heat transfer on this surface in the presence and absence of the longitudinal pressure gradient are given. The nonmonotonic variation of the coefficient of restitution along the streamlined surface length is established. We are the first who succeeded in obtaining the data on influence of both the adverse and accelerating longitudinal pressure gradients upon the coefficients of temperature restitution and heat transfer in a high-speed turbulent gas flow. Also obtained are some data on the influence of inaccurate determination of restitution coefficients upon heat transfer.     

Selection of force parameters of intermolecular interaction potential for a number of individual gases at high temperatures

Making use of the Boltzmann kinetic equation, an approach to a more accurate calculation of transport coefficients is considered; the approach is based on the modification of the Lennard-Jones potential and efficient numerical algorithm for calculating the Ω-integrals. The calculation data on the transport coefficients are compared with the experimental data obtained by other researchers.     

Calculation of fuel distribution in the combustion chamber front device equipped with a three-stage swirler

The results of calculating a flow and concentrations of droplet-liquid and vaporous fuel in the combustion chamber injector module are presented. The numerical model used takes into account polydispersity of a fuel flame and a multistage nature of fuel atomization. A significant influence of the swirler design on the fuel droplet deposition on the module walls and distribution of droplet-liquid and vaporous fuel concentrations is revealed.     

To development of air heat pumps for operating in Russian climate

The air heat pump (HP) driven from GTP, created on the basis of aircraft GTE removed from service, is considered. The heat pump uses ambient air from negative (?40 °C) to positive (+15 °C) temperature values as a low-grade heat source and provides heating temperature in a range from 100 to 250 °C with the performance factor 2.5–3.2. The high technological burning of gas decreases its consumption for heating on the average by a factor of 1.5 in comparison with an ordinary boiler-house. Cold HP exhaust within the range of ? 50 … ? 80 °C is fed both to a drive GTP and an integrated electric energy generating GTP, this increasing their specific power by a factor of 1.2–1.4 and efficiency up to a factor of 1.05–1.1. In standard HPs designed for operation with low-grade heat sources from +5 to +10°C, the heating temperature does not exceed +60 … +65 °C for the performance factors indicated.     

Venus Atmospheric Thermal Structure and Radiative Balance

From the discovery that Venus has an atmosphere during the 1761 transit by M. Lomonosov to the current exploration of the planet by the Akatsuki orbiter, we continue to learn about the planet’s extreme climate and weather. This chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive but by no means exhaustive review of the results of the atmospheric thermal structure and radiative balance since the earlier works published in Venus and Venus II books from recent spacecraft and Earth based investigations and summarizes the gaps in our current knowledge. There have been no in-situ measurements of the deep Venus atmosphere since the flights of the two VeGa balloons and landers in 1985 (Sagdeev et al., Science 231:1411–1414, 1986). Thus, most of the new information about the atmospheric thermal structure has come from different remote sensing (Earth based and spacecraft) techniques using occultations (solar infrared, stellar ultraviolet and orbiter radio occultations), spectroscopy and microwave, short wave and thermal infrared emissions. The results are restricted to altitudes higher than about 40 km, except for one investigation of the near surface static stability inferred by Meadows and Crisp (J. Geophys. Res. 101:4595–4622, 1996) from 1 \(\upmu\)m observations from Earth. Little information about the lower atmospheric structure is possible below about 40 km altitude from radio occultations due to large bending angles. The gaps in our knowledge include spectral albedo variations over time, vertical variation of the bulk composition of the atmosphere (mean molecular weight), the identity, properties and abundances of absorbers of incident solar radiation in the clouds. The causes of opacity variations in the nightside cloud cover and vertical gradients in the deep atmosphere bulk composition and its impact on static stability are also in need of critical studies. The knowledge gaps and questions about Venus and its atmosphere provide the incentive for obtaining the necessary measurements to understand the planet, which can provide some clues to learn about terrestrial exoplanets.     

Ion Composition of the Earth’s Radiation Belts in the Range from 100 keV to $100\mbox{ MeV}/\mbox{nucleon}$: Fifty Years of Research

Spatial, energy and angular distributions of ion fluxes in the Earth’s radiation belts (ERB) near the equatorial plane, at middle geomagnetic latitudes and at low altitudes are systematically reviewed herein. Distributions of all main ion components, from protons to Fe (including hydrogen and helium isotopes), and their variations under the action of solar and geomagnetic activity are considered. For ions with \(Z\geq 2\) and especially for ions with \(Z \geq 9\), these variations are much more than for protons, and these have no direct connection with the intensity of magnetic storms (\(Z\) is the charge of the atomic nucleus with respect to the charge of the proton). The main physical mechanisms for the generation of ion fluxes in the ERB and the losses of these ions are considered. Solar wind, Solar Cosmic Rays (SCR), Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR), and Anomalous component of Cosmic Rays (ACR) as sources of ions in the ERB are considered.