论人造地球卫星运行的规律性

由于在我们周围的自然界出现了苏联所发射的人造天体,自然很多人都会产生这样的问题:这些天体是怎样发射的?它们为什么能飞? 这里不打算极其确切地说明考虑到地球的非球状体及地球大气阻力的情况下,一切作用于卫星的力,仅试图对于有关卫星利用多级火箭来加速并绕地球运行所遵循的规律     

Animal protein production modules in biological life support systems: novel combined aquaculture techniques based on the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.)

Based on the experiences made with the Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System (C.E.B.A.S.) which was primarily deveoloped for long-term and multi-generation experiments with aquatic animals and plants in a space station highly effective fresh water recycling modules were elaborated utilizing a combination of ammonia oxidizing bacteria filters and higher plants. These exhibit a high effectivity to eliminate phosphate and anorganic nitrogen compounds and arc. in addidition. able to contribute to the oxygen supply of the aquatic animals. The C.E.B.A.S. filter system is able to keep a closed artificial aquatic ecosystem containing teleost fishes and water snails biologically stable for several month and to eliminate waste products deriving from degraded dead fishes without a decrease of the oxygen concentration down to less than 3.5 mg/l at 25 °C. More advanced C.E.B.A.S. filter systems, the BIOCURE filters, were also developed for utilization in semiintensive and intensive aquaculture systems for fishes. In fact such combined animal-plant aquaculture systems represent highly effective productions sites for human food if proper plant and fish species are selected The present papers elucidates ways to novel aquaculture systems in which herbivorous fishes are raised by feeding them with plant biomass produced in the BIOCURE filters and presents the scheme of a modification which utilizes a plant species suitable also for human nutrition. Special attention is paid to the benefits of closed aquaculture system modules which may be integrated into bioregenerative life support systems of a higher complexity for, e. g.. lunar or planetary bases including some psychologiccal aspects of the introduction of animal protein production into plant-based life support systems. Moreover, the basic reproductive biological problems of aquatic animal breeding under reduced gravity are explained leading to a disposition of essential research programs in this context.     

Readaptation of the vestibuloocular reflex to 1g-condition in immature lower vertebrates (Xenopus laevis) after micro- or hypergravity exposure

The effects of altered gravitational conditions (AGC) on the development of the static vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and readaptation to 1g were investigated in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. Tadpoles were exposed to microgravity (μg) during the German Space Mission D-2 for 10 days, using the STATEX closed survival system, or to 3g for 9 days during earth-bound experiments. At the beginning of AGC, the tadpoles had not yet developed the static VOR.

The main results were: (i) Tadpoles with ug- or 3g-experience had a lower gain of the static VOR than the 1g-controls during the 2nd and 5th post-AGC days, (ii) Readaptation to response levels of 1g-reared controls usually occurred during the following weeks, except in slowly developing tadpoles with 3g-experience. Readaptation was less pronounced if, during the acute VOR test, tadpoles were rolled from the inclined to the normal posture than in the opposite test situation.

It is postulated that (i) gravity is necessarily involved in the development of the static VOR, but only during a period including the time before onset of the first behavioural response; and (ii) readaptation which is superimposed by the processes of VOR development depends on many factors including the velocity of development, the actual excitation level of the vestibular systems and the neuroplastic properties of its specific pathways.     

Gravity perception and signal transduction in single cells

Cellular signal processing in multi-, as well as in unicellular organisms, has to rely on fundamentally similar mechanisms. Free-living single cells often use the gravity vector for their spatial orientation (gravitaxis) and show distinct gravisensitivities. In this investigation the gravisensitive giant ameboid cell Physarum polycephalum (Myxomycetes, acellular slime molds) is used. Its gravitaxis and the modulation of its intrinsic rhythmic contraction activity by gravity was demonstrated in 180 °turn experiments and in simulated, as well as in actual, near-weightlessness studies (fast-rotating clinostat; Spacelab D1, IML-1). The stimulus perception was addressed in an IML-2 experiment, which provided information on the gravireceptor itself by the determination of the cell's acceleration-sensitivity threshold. Ground-based experiments designed to elucidate the subsequent steps in signal transduction leading to a motor response, suggest that an acceleration stimulus induces changes in the level of second messenger, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), indicating also that the acceleration-stimulus signal transduction chain of Physarum uses an ubiquitous second messenger pathway.     

Status and efficacy of countermeasures to physiological deconditioning from space flight

The recent biomedical investigations conducted on the Space Shuttle and Spacelab have provided a wealth of biomedical information, including the ability to test the efficacy of proposed countermeasures. This achievement was made possible by the ability to conduct mechanistic and control-interventive studies simultaneously with a large number of individuals over a relatively brief period and to compare these data with results obtained from the Skylab missions. Comparisons between short- and long-duration results were limited to establishing trends or extrapolating from short-duration missions. To date, we have evaluated several protocols involving the lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) device, the bicycle-ergometer, the treadmill and preparations for body-fluid replenishment. In many instances, the traditional means of applying these protocols were not sufficient to protect against space-related deconditioning. This paper will review current countermeasures and compare their efficacy to that of existing protocols. Results from in-flight and ground-based experiments will be presented to illuminate the recommended protocols and procedures.     

The second generation of the incubator hardware for studying avian embryogenesis under microgravity conditions

This paper describes a technical device, INCUBATOR 1M, which enables incubation of Japanese quail eggs aboard the piloted orbital station.     

飞行模拟摄象装置中解决景深问题的新方法

在飞行模拟目视系统中,象是由闭路电视的光学探头由地景模型摄取的,对横过整个象区的模型表面成象,特别是当探头入瞳非常接近模型时的成象是一个重要的问题。当我们试图改善闭路电视摄象机的鉴别率和减小地景模型的比例时,这个问题就更加大了,使得在探头光学系统内部移动和倾斜透镜的普通技术对某些重要的探头系统不足以解决问题。对于大范围的物体共轭距离,探头系统光学象差的校正是一个密切相关的问题。对于标准的电视系统和激光电视系统中的这些问题都作了评论。叙述了一种新型的倾斜透镜系统。     

飞行模拟的虚象显示

利用简单的未经校正的塑料透镜给出飞行模拟器中飞行景象的虚象。虚象显示给模拟器驾驶员以真实的印象,因为象似乎离开模拟器一个实在的距离。好多飞行员在飞行模拟器中作了着陆和起飞试验,以客观地评价虚象显示。这种显示包括斯密特彩色投影器,后投影屏和一个大直径长焦距的平凸塑料透镜。还评述了另一种利用一个彩色电视监视器和两个平凸塑料透镜的虚象显示,但没有正式飞行员的评论。对各种透镜参数进行了研究以决定它们对飞行景象的影响。结论是:在某些条件下,简单的透镜是可以使用的,以利用斯密特投影系统或电视监视器得到有用的飞行景象的虚象模拟。     

GE90的飞行试验验证了其使用性

GE公司已经完成了推力为377千牛的GE90发动机的使用性和系统验证飞行试验,证明这种发动机可以由波音公司开始进行获准180分钟ETOPS的飞行试验.GE90的飞行试验是在1993年12月到今年3月17日分两个阶段进行的.试验时此发动机装在GE公司的波音747空中试车台2号位上.这是一架曾经由泛美航空公司用过的波音747-100飞机,已经过大量改装.