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81.
V D Kern S Bhattacharya R N Bowman F M Donovan C Elland T F Fahlen B Girten M Kirven-Brooks K Lagel G B Meeker O Santos 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2001,27(5):1023-1030
During the construction phase of the International Space Station (ISS), early flight opportunities have been identified (including designated Utilization Flights, UF) on which early science experiments may be performed. The focus of NASA's and other agencies' biological studies on the early flight opportunities is cell and molecular biology; with UF-1 scheduled to fly in fall 2001, followed by flights 8A and UF-3. Specific hardware is being developed to verify design concepts, e.g., the Avian Development Facility for incubation of small eggs and the Biomass Production System for plant cultivation. Other hardware concepts will utilize those early research opportunities onboard the ISS, e.g., an Incubator for sample cultivation, the European Modular Cultivation System for research with small plant systems, an Insect Habitat for support of insect species. Following the first Utilization Flights, additional equipment will be transported to the ISS to expand research opportunities and capabilities, e.g., a Cell Culture Unit, the Advanced Animal Habitat for rodents, an Aquatic Facility to support small fish and aquatic specimens, a Plant Research Unit for plant cultivation, and a specialized Egg Incubator for developmental biology studies. Host systems (Figure 1A, B: see text), e.g., a 2.5 m Centrifuge Rotor (g-levels from 0.01-g to 2-g) for direct comparisons between g and selectable g levels, the Life Sciences Glovebox for contained manipulations, and Habitat Holding Racks (Figure 1B: see text) will provide electrical power, communication links, and cooling to the habitats. Habitats will provide food, water, light, air and waste management as well as humidity and temperature control for a variety of research organisms. Operators on Earth and the crew on the ISS will be able to send commands to the laboratory equipment to monitor and control the environmental and experimental parameters inside specific habitats. Common laboratory equipment such as microscopes, cryo freezers, radiation dosimeters, and mass measurement devices are also currently in design stages by NASA and the ISS international partners. 相似文献
82.
Y. Yamamoto T. Okada H. Shiraishi K. Shirai T. Arai K. Ogawa K. Hosono M. Arakawa M. Kato 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
The X-ray spectrometer (XRS) on the SELENE (SELenological and ENgineering Explorer) spacecraft, XRS, will observe fluorescent X-rays from the lunar surface. The energy of the fluorescent X-ray depends on the elements of which the lunar soil consists, therefore we can determine elemental composition of the upper most lunar surface. The XRS consists of three components: XRF-A, SOL-B, and SOL-C. XRF-A is the main sensor to observe X-rays from the lunar surface. SOL-B is direct monitor of Solar X-ray using Si-PIN photodiode. SOL-C is another Solar X-ray monitor but observes the X-rays from the standard sample attached on the base plate. This enables us to analyze by a comparative method similar to typical laboratory XRF methods. XRF-A and SOL-C adopt charge coupled device as an X-ray detector which depletion layer is deep enough to detect X-rays. The X-ray spectra were obtained by the flight model of XRS components, and all components has been worked well to analyze fluorescent X-rays. Currently, development of the hardware and software of the XRS has been finished and we are preparing for system integration test for the launch. 相似文献
83.
B. Sylwester J. Sylwester K.J.H. Phillips E. Landi 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
We present the observations of He-like Ar triplet lines obtained by RESIK spectrometer aboard CORONAS-F. Interpretation of intensity ratios between triplet lines of lower Z elements is known to provide useful diagnostics of plasma conditions within the emitting source. Here, we investigate whether triplet line ratios are useful for interpretation of higher Z element spectra. A high sensitivity, low background and precise absolute calibration of RESIK allow to consider in addition also the continuum contribution. This provides a way to determine the Ar absolute abundance from the observed triplet component ratios. The method is presented and the results are shown for two selected flares. Derived values of Ar absolute abundance for these flares are found to be similar: 2.6 × 10−6 and 2.9 × 10−6. They fall in the range between presently accepted Ar photospheric and coronal abundances. 相似文献
84.
M. Amenomori S. Ayabe X.J. Bi D. Chen S.W. Cui Danzengluobu L.K. Ding X.H. Ding C.F. Feng Zhaoyang Feng Z.Y. Feng X.Y. Gao Q.X. Geng H.W. Guo H.H. He M. He K. Hibino N. Hotta Haibing Hu H.B. Hu J. Huang Q. Huang H.Y. Jia F. Kajino K. Kasahara Y. Katayose C. Kato K. Kawata Labaciren G.M. Le A.F. Li J.Y. Li Y.-Q. Lou H. Lu S.L. Lu X.R. Meng K. Mizutani J. Mu K. Munakata A. Nagai H. Nanjo M. Nishizawa M. Ohnishi I. Ohta H. Onuma T. Ouchi S. Ozawa J.R. Ren T. Saito T.Y. Saito 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
85.
K. Yoshimura K. Abe H. Fuke S. Haino T. Hams M. Hasegawa A. Horikoshi K.C. Kim T. Kumazawa A. Kusumoto M.-H. Lee Y. Makida S. Matsuda Y. Matsukawa J.W. Mitchell A.A. Moiseev J. Nishimura M. Nozaki R. Orito J.F. Ormes K. Sakai M. Sasaki E.S. Seo Y. Shikaze R. Shinoda R.E. Streitmatter J. Suzuki K. Takeuchi N. Thakur K. Tanaka T. Yamagami A. Yamamoto T. Yoshida 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
86.
J. Dodion D. Fussen F. Vanhellemont C. Bingen N. Mateshvili K. Gilbert R. Skelton D. Turnbull S.D. McLeod C.D. Boone K.A. Walker P.F. Bernath 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
Satellite-based limb occultation measurements are well suited for the detection and mapping of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and cirrus clouds. PSCs are of fundamental importance for the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole that occurs every year since the early 1980s in Southern Hemisphere spring. Despite progress in the observation, modeling and understanding of PSCs in recent years, there are still important questions which remain to be resolved, e.g. PSC microphysics, composition, formation mechanisms and long-term changes in occurrence. In addition, it has recently become clear that cirrus clouds significantly affect the global energy balance and climate, due to their influence on atmospheric thermal structure. 相似文献
87.
B. Kirov K. Georgieva D. Batchvarov A. Boneva R. Krasteva G. Stainov S. Klimov T. Dachev 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
The main purposes of experiment “Obstanovka” (“Environment” in Russian) consisting of several instruments are to measure a set of electromagnetic and plasma phenomena characterizing the space weather conditions, and to evaluate how such a big and highly energy consuming body as the International Space Station disturbs the surrounding plasma, and how the station itself is charged due to the operation of so many instruments, solar batteries, life supporting devices, etc. Two identical Langmuir electrostatic probes are included in the experiment “Obstanovka”. In this paper the Langmuir probes for “Obstanovka” experiment are described, including the choice of geometry (spherical or cylindrical), a more reliable method for the sweep voltage generation, an adaptive algorithm for the probe’s operation. Special attention is paid to the possibility for remote upgrading of the instrument from the ground using the standard communication channels. 相似文献
88.
L.H. Chao W.H. Bian K.L. Huang 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
Using the bulge data from AGN image decomposition with ground-based observations, we calculate the ratios of the central supermassive black hole mass(SMBH) to the Bulge mass (Mbh/Mbulge) in a sample of X-ray selected AGNs, including 15 Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) and 18 broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s). We found that the mean value of log(Mbh/Mbulge) is -3.81±0.11 for 15 NLS1s, and -2.91±0.13 for 18 BLS1s, showing the lower Mbh/Mbulge in NLS1s relative to BLS1s. The calculation shows that the Bulge mass from the host image decomposition in NLS1s is statistically smaller than that from Hubble-type correction method, and a linear mass relation is suggested for NLS1s and a nonlinear mass relation for BLS1s. The studying of host galaxies with ground-based observations strongly limited by the atmospheric seeing. We need to do the decomposition of host images for NLS1s with Hubble Space Telescope observation in the future. 相似文献
89.
K. Clark J. Boldt R. Greeley K. Hand I. Jun R. Lock R. Pappalardo T. Van Houten T. Yan 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander. 相似文献
90.
K. Patel Ashutosh K. Singh P. Subrahmanyam A.K. Singh 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2011
The presence and movement of plasma density fluctuations in the F-region of the ionosphere are studied by monitoring phase and amplitude of radio waves propagating through the region. In this paper, we have used weak scattering theory and assumed the plasma density fluctuations to behave like phase changing diffraction screen. Appropriate relations for scintillation index S4, and phase variance δ? are derived and computed for different parameters of the plasma density irregularities of the ionosphere. SROSS-C2 satellite in situ measurements of plasma density fluctuations, which provide direct information about the structure and morphology of irregularities that are responsible for scintillation of radio waves, were used first time to develop a scintillation model for low latitude. It is observed that the scintillation index S4 and phase variance δ? depends on the strength of the plasma turbulence. Finally, the results obtained from modeling are compared and discussed with the available recent results. 相似文献