Results of space experiment program "Interferon"

The results of the biological space experiment "Interferon" performed by two international cosmonaut teams (26 May 1980, and 16 May 1981) aboard space laboratory Solyut-6 are reported: (1) Human lymphocytes separated from blood of healthy donors and placed into "Interferon I" equipment could be kept for 7 days in suspension culture under spaceflight conditions. Interferon production could be induced in human lymphocytes by preparations of different origin: virus, synthetic polyribonucleotides, bacterial protein and plant pigment. An increased lymphocyte interferon production in space laboratory compared to ground control was observed. (2) Human interferon preparations and interferon inducers placed in space laboratory at room temperature for 7 days maintained their biological activity. (3) A decrease of induced interferon production and natural killer activity of lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood of cosmonauts was observed on the 1st day on Earth after 7-days spaceflight.     

The basic health care system for the lunar base crew

A plan of the health care system for the crew on the lunar base is described in this study. The health care system consists of two subsystems. The first is the daily health care system. The system contains health care menus, similar to those on Earth, and some biochemical and ordinary medical examinations. The second system is a periodic medical inspection for the crew's bones and the determination of natural radioisotopes in the body. These care systems are automatically treated with the examination and data filing. Usually these examinations are carried out without the presence of a medical doctor. Examinations and files of the whole results are controlled by a computer. The daily results of examinations are compared with data in the file. If any abnormal values are found in the results, an appropriate message is sent advising whether he must receive an in-depth examination by a medical doctor, or be reexamined by the same submenu. The automatic health care system also records transactions with the life support monitoring system.     

使用振能磨湿法粉碎工艺生产细粒度高氯酸铵

随着固体火箭技术的发展,对高燃速复合推进剂提出了要求。高燃速是通过使用粒子重均直径在2.5μ以下的高氯酸铵来实现的。通过对高氯酸铵各种粉碎方法的研究与试验,发现振能磨湿法粉碎工艺是适合生产重均直径为1.4～0.4 u 粒子的唯一方法。流能磨干法粉碎工艺适合生产粒子重均直径为2.5～1.5 u 的高氯酸铵。振能磨基本上是一个填满磨珠的振动斗。振能磨湿法粉碎工艺的步骤为:把悬浮在惰性媒剂中的高氯酸铵装入振能磨,在控制条件下振动一定时间,然后放出高氯酸铵与媒剂,将高氯酸铵烘干,并回收惰性媒剂。振能磨湿法粉碎工艺己在中间试验和生产规模进行了充分研究,得到了该种工艺的操作特性,其中包括粒子重均直径与磨珠填充量、研磨时间、水分含量、载体/高氯酸铵比率、研磨媒剂类型、温度控制以及高氯酸铵包复涂层的关系。生产规模的湿法粉碎系统现己开始使用,它能生产出满足复合推进剂使用要求的1.4～0.4μ高氯酸铵。     

Aero-thermo-elastic Numerical Calculation and Analysis of Spinning Rocket

The application of computational fluid dynamics/computational solid method （CFD/CSM） on solving the aero-thermo-elastic problem of spinning rocket is introduced. Firstly, the aerodynamic coefficients of a rocket are calculated, and the results are compared with the available experimental data, which verified the accuracy of the CFD output. Then, analysis is carried using ANSYS Workbench multi-physics coupling platform, which includes fluid, thermal, and structural solvers. The results show that spinning causes a significant effect on the de formations and stresses. Furthermore, thermal stresses due to high temperature at the rocket warhead and tail edges have a dominated effect, even more than those produced by aerodynamic forces. Consequently, this important outcome should be taken into consideration during the rocket design stages.     

复合固体推进剂中氧化剂和粘合剂的分解/爆燃综述

复合固体推进剂燃烧时,粘合剂和氧化剂的分解起着非常重要的作用。复合推进剂配方中,过氯酸铵(AP)是目前实际使用的氧化剂。根据应用于推进剂的情况,收集综述了粘合剂和 AP 分解的有关资料。本综述可以用来了解推进剂的燃烧机理。     

基于目标机动新模型的被动寻的导弹制导律

假设某些目标能作正交于其速度矢量的规避机动,提出一种新的随机动态目标模型.利用增益修正广义卡尔曼滤波器来估计目标状态和在线建立目标机动的角速率.推导出可使二次型性能指标极小化的制导律,对于二维的只有角测量的情况,数值仿真表明,所提出的目标模型会使目标状态的估计得到明显的改进.此外,还给出采用这种新制导方法对终端脱靶距离的影响,并与高斯-马尔可夫模型作了比较.     

A status report on the characterization of the microgravity environment of the International Space Station

A primary objective of the International Space Station is to provide a long-term quiescent environment for the conduct of scientific research for a variety of microgravity science disciplines. Since continuous human presence on the space station began in November 2000 through the end of Increment-6, over 1260 hours of crew time have been allocated to research. However, far more research time has been accumulated by experiments controlled on the ground. By the end of the time period covered by this paper (end of Increment-6), the total experiment hours performed on the station are well over 100,000 hours (Expedition 6 Press Kit: Station Begins Third Year of Human Occupation, Boeing/USA/NASA, October 25, 2002). This paper presents the results of the on-going effort by the Principal Investigator Microgravity Services project, at NASA Glenn Research Center, in Cleveland, Ohio, to characterize the microgravity environment of the International Space Station in order to keep the microgravity scientific community apprised of the reduced gravity environment provided by the station for the performance of space experiments. This paper focuses on the station microgravity environment for Increments 5 and 6. During that period over 580 Gbytes of acceleration data were collected, out of which over 34,790 hours were analyzed. The results presented in this paper are divided into two sections: quasi-steady and vibratory. For the quasi-steady analysis, over 7794 hours of acceleration data were analyzed, while over 27,000 hours were analyzed for the vibratory analysis. The results of the data analysis are presented in this paper in the form of a grand summary for the period under consideration. For the quasi-steady acceleration response, results are presented in the form of a 95% confidence interval for the station during "normal microgravity mode operations" for the following three attitudes: local vertical local horizontal, X-axis perpendicular to the orbit plane and the Russian torque equilibrium attitude. The same analysis was performed for the station during "non-microgravity mode operations" to assess the station quasi-steady acceleration environment over a long period of time. The same type of analysis was performed for the vibratory, but a 95th percentile benchmark was used, which shows the overall acceleration magnitude during Increments 5 and 6. The results, for both quasi-steady and vibratory acceleration response, show that the station is not yet meeting the microgravity requirements during the microgravity mode operations. However, it should be stressed that the requirements apply only at assembly complete, whereas the results presented below apply up to the station's configuration at the end of Increment-6.     

A perspective on the importance of reproductive mode in astrobiology

Reproduction is a vital characteristic of life, and sex is the most common reproductive mode in the eukaryotic world. Sex and reproduction are not necessarily linked mechanisms: Sexuality without reproduction exists, while several forms of asexual reproduction are known. The occurrence of sexuality itself is paradoxical, as it is very costly in evolutionary terms. Most of the hypotheses (more than 20) attempting to explain the prevalence of sex fall into two categories: Sex either creates good gene combinations for adaptation to environments or eliminates bad gene combinations counteracting the accumulation of mutations. In spite of this apparent wealth of beneficial effects of sex, asexuality is not rare. Most eukaryotic, asexual lineages are short-lived and can only persist through the presence of sexual roots, but at least two animal groups, bdelloid rotifers and darwinulid ostracods, seem to claim the status of ancient asexuals. Research on (a)sexuality is relevant to astrobiology in a number of ways. First, strong relationships between the origin and persistence of life in extreme environments and reproductive mode are known. Second, the "habitability" of nonterrestrial environments to life greatly depends on reproductive mode. Whereas asexuals can do equally well or better in harsh environments, they fail to adapt fast enough to changing abiotic and biotic environments. Third, it has been shown that plants reproduce mainly asexually in space, and sperm production and motility in some vertebrates are hampered. Both findings indicate that extraterrestrial life under conditions different from Earth might be dominated by asexual reproduction. Finally, for exchange of biological material between planets, the choice of reproductive mode will be important.     

Lessons learned from the Space Flyer Unit (SFU) mission

The Space Flyer Unit (SFU) system and mission chronology are briefly introduced. Lessons learned from the SFU mission are categorized as programmatic and engineering lessons. In the programmatic category are dealt with both international and domestic collaborations. As for the engineering lessons safety design, orbital operation, in-flight anomaly, and post flight analyses are the major topics reviewed.     

Effects of repeated long duration +2Gz load on man's cardiovascular function

Usefulness of a short-arm human centrifuge is expected when it is used in space as a countermeasure against cardiovascular deconditioning, problem of bone-calcium metabolism, etc. However, nothing is solidly established regarding the most desirable program for artificial G application. Accordingly, this study was designed to analytically evaluate the effects of repeated long duration +Gz load on human cardiovascular function. Recently heart rate spectral analysis has been recognized as a powerful tool for quantitatively evaluating parasympathetic and sympathetic activity separately in human. It is reported that power of the high frequency component (HF-p) is mediated selectively by parasympathetic activity and the power ratio of low to high frequency components(LF/HF) is indicative of cardiac sympathetic activity or cardiac sympathovagal balance. Sequence method is developed to examine spontaneous baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS). We studied cardiovascular control function by using these methods in 9 healthy men before and after 7 days of daily repeated 1hour +2Gz load. When compared with the data of pre-G load period, post-G load period, decrease of HR, increases of HF-p and BRS were statistically significant. SBP, DBP and LF/HF tended to decrease, however, these changes were not statistically significant. This results indicate that repeated +2Gz load increases parasympathetic activity and arterial baroreceptor-cardiac reflex sensitivity. In recent years, many investigators suggest that space flight and head-down bedrest leads to impaired baroreceptor-cardiac reflex responses and decrease of parasympathetic activity, which may contribute to orthostatic intolerance. So our results suggest that daily repeated 1hour +2Gz load would be useful in preventing post-flight orthostatic intolerance.