推进剂温度对比冲的影响

本文研究了预示推进剂温度对比冲(I_(s))影响的改进方法。对现有的仅仅考虑热容的方法进行了评价,发现它是不完善的。研究了两种新方法,它们是:a)修正热容法,b)理论上处理生成热和压力影响的方法。两种方法均使用赫克利斯公司改进后的暂定固体性能程序(SPP—HI),作为基本分析方法来预示比冲。为了建立新的方法,在研究工作中使用了几种不同尺寸的全尺寸发动机的点火试验数据。研究结果表明,推进剂温度对比冲的影响不大,比冲的变化随推进剂生成热的变化比随发动机平均压力的变化更为敏感。     

固体推进剂火箭燃烧稳定性分析中的气流变向影响

丘里克对固体推进剂火箭发动机内燃烧声学稳定性的一维和三维模型进行比较后,提出了“气流变向”效应的概念。某些项在一维模型里存在,而在三维模型里却没有了。丘里克提议以一种特定的方式,把这些项加到三维模型中去,以便表示在分析中未被考虑的物理现象。本文提出了一种方法,利用这种方法可以通过对发动机工作横截面取平均值来比较一维和三维模型。由于这种方法存取平均值的过程中包括了三维边界条件,所以自然地出现了漏项。这一结果,引起包括在三维稳定性分析中的某些特定项没有明确物理意义的严重问题。     

毫米波雷达的原理与应用(一)

历来最为流行的雷达工作频率都在电磁频谱上约300兆赫和35千兆赫之间,这一区域基本上包括了特高频和超高频段。然而,除远程超视距雷达以外,大多数现代雷达都工作在特高频段的高端,更为可能的是工作在超高频段的某些频率上,典型值在1千兆赫和35千     

战术应用卫星成像系统

战术成像显示试验系统（ＴＩＤＥＳ）的目标在于研制由战场指挥官控制、根据需要以合理成本发射的小型战术应用成像卫星。其成像有效载荷为两台改进型施密特相机，采用线性ＣＣＤ，在７００ｋｍ的极地太阳同步轨道上分辨率可达到５ｍ。实验表明，应用一些新技术，如采用新研制的编码本处理芯片（ＣＰＣ）的矢量量化（ＶＱ）技术将有能力在获取高质量图像的同时把图像压缩１２：１或更高，这就可减小从卫星到地面的数据传输带宽、星载     

Conversations with Rep. Ken Calvert. Interview by Frank Sietzen Jr

Rep. Calvert, chair of the House aeronautics and space subcommittee of the Science Committee, answers questions related to priorities for space in the current congressional session: the Vision for Space Exploration, development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and other heavy-lift launch vehicles, entrepreneurial alliances in the space transportation industry, the U.S. aerospace industry, space tourism, entrepreneurs and NASA, U.S. aeronautics research, a service mission to the Hubble Space Telescope, and priority military space programs.     

Thoracic sonography for pneumothorax: the clinical evaluation of an operational space medicine spin-off

The recent interest in the use of ultrasound (US) to detect pneumothoraces after acute trauma in North America was initially driven by an operational space medicine concern. Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) are at risk for pneumothoraces, and US is the only potential medical imaging available. Pneumothoraces are common following trauma, and are a preventable cause of death, as most are treatable with relatively simple interventions. While pneumothoraces are optimally diagnosed clinically, they are more often inapparent even on supine chest radiographs (CXR) with recent series reporting a greater than 50% rate of occult pneumothoraces. In the course of basic scientific investigations in a conventional and parabolic flight laboratory, investigators familiarized themselves with the sonographic features of both pneumothoraces and normal pulmonary ventilation. By examining the visceral–parietal pleural interface (VPPI) with US, investigators became confident in diagnosing pneumothoraces. This knowledge was subsequently translated into practice at an American and a Canadian trauma center. The sonographic examination was found to be more accurate and sensitive than CXR (US 96% and 100% versus US 74% and 36%) in specific circumstances. Initial studies have also suggested that detecting the US features of pleural pulmonary ventilation in the left lung field may offer the ability to exclude serious endotracheal tube malpositions such as right mainstem and esophageal intubations. Applied thoracic US is an example of a clinically useful space medicine spin-off that is improving health care on earth.     

Recurrent isolation of hydrogen peroxide-resistant spores of Bacillus pumilus from a spacecraft assembly facility

While the microbial diversity of a spacecraft assembly facility at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, CA) was being monitored, H2O2-resistant bacterial strains were repeatedly isolated from various surface locations. H2O2 is a possible sterilant for spacecraft hardware because it is a low-temperature process and compatible with various modern-day spacecraft materials, electronics, and components. Both conventional biochemical testing and molecular analyses identified these strains as Bacillus pumilus. This Bacillus species was found in both unclassified (entrance floors, anteroom, and air-lock) and classified (floors, cabinet tops, and air) locations. Both vegetative cells and spores of several B. pumilus isolates were exposed to 5% liquid H2O2 for 60 min. Spores of each strain exhibited higher resistance than their respective vegetative cells to liquid H2O2. Results indicate that the H2O2 resistance observed in both vegetative cells and spores is strain-specific, as certain B. pumilus strains were two to three times more resistant than a standard Bacillus subtilis dosimetry strain. An example of this trend was observed when the type strain of B. pumilus, ATCC 7061, proved sensitive, whereas several environmental strains exhibited varying degrees of resistance, to H2O2. Repeated isolation of H2O2-resistant strains of B. pumilus in a clean-room is a concern because their persistence might potentially compromise life-detection missions, which have very strict cleanliness and sterility requirements for spacecraft hardware.     

钝尾物体底部压力计算

 提出了一种简便可靠的计算钝尾物体表面压力分布及底部压力的方法。将钝尾物体绕流流场分为无粘区、边界层区和分离区。无粘区和边界层区分别用位流理论和边界层理论计算。分离区由根据尾流函数等建立的替代模型模拟。利用奇点法解出整个模型的压力分布。计算釆用迭代法进行。对Vanwagenen模型和鲁尔大学模型进行了计算,结果表明该方法是成功的。     

The PROCESS experiment: an astrochemistry laboratory for solid and gaseous organic samples in low-earth orbit

The PROCESS (PRebiotic Organic ChEmistry on the Space Station) experiment was part of the EXPOSE-E payload outside the European Columbus module of the International Space Station from February 2008 to August 2009. During this interval, organic samples were exposed to space conditions to simulate their evolution in various astrophysical environments. The samples used represent organic species related to the evolution of organic matter on the small bodies of the Solar System (carbonaceous asteroids and comets), the photolysis of methane in the atmosphere of Titan, and the search for organic matter at the surface of Mars. This paper describes the hardware developed for this experiment as well as the results for the glycine solid-phase samples and the gas-phase samples that were used with regard to the atmosphere of Titan. Lessons learned from this experiment are also presented for future low-Earth orbit astrochemistry investigations.