Quantitative electrocardiography during extended space flight

To assess the effects of prolonged space flight on the electrophysiological properties of the heart, vectorcardiograms (VCG) were obtained on the Skylab crews at regular intervals during flight and the pre- and postflight periods. The VCG signals were telemetered from Skylab and analyzed by digital computer. Conventional 12-lead electrocardiograms were derived from the VCG signals by a lead transformation program. Standardized exercise loads were incorporated into the experiment protocol to increase the sensitivity of the VCG for effects of deconditioning and to detect susceptibility for arrhythmias. In Skylab II, 24 preflight, 21 inflight, and 19 postflight experiments were analyzed. Statistically significant inflight changes observed in two or more crew members included: decreased resting heart rate, increased QRS duration, anterior shift QRS vector, increased QRS vector magnitude, anterior shift T vector, and increased T vector magnitude. One astronaut had occasional premature ventricular contractions (PVC) during the pre- and postflight phases. He had a single episode of multiple PVC's during heavy-load exercise testing in flight. A second astronaut had no arrhythmia during pre- or inflight testing. On postflight day 21 he had multiple PVC's and salvos of ectopic ventricular beats. He has had no recurrence of the arrhythmia. With the exception of the cardiac arrhythmias, no deleterious electrophysiological changes were observed during Skylab II.     

高性能非脆变双基推进剂

这项工作是由赫克里斯公司阿里根尼弹道试验室完成的,是为美国海军战术导弹的应用而改进高性能硝酸酯增塑推进剂工作的一部分。总的目的是研制一种性能卓越的推进剂,它在舰队防御环境下不会发生脆变。尤其需要一种推进剂能满足或者超过美国海军近代高性能验证发动机(HPDM)计划的要求。方法是将聚乙二醇预聚物用于混合增塑剂(50/50N G—BTTN)作为非脆变粘合剂的主要成分。这种增塑剂系统已在其它的赫克里斯计划中经过验证,与 NG 或 BTTN 晶种接触,即使经过长期的—54℃～—12℃之间的温度循环也不会发生脆变。以1磅规模对固体含量为73%～80%的推进剂进行了试验,以调节工艺性能、力学性能。成功地研制出了一种能达到 HPDM 计划要求的固体含量为73%的非脆变推进剂。80%固体含量推进剂的研制工作表明,这类推进剂是可行的,但还需要进一步的研究。     

用于低温的锗薄膜温度计的特性

用来当作电阻温度计的锗薄膜业已在液氦温度下做过试验。锗在真空下被沉积在绝缘的基片上,然后把银沉积在锗薄膜上作为欧姆接触,籍助于选择适当的沉积条件,就能容易地制造出具有所需要的电阻和合适的灵敏度的温度计。这些温度计具有快速响应时间,并能用于测量快速变化的表面温度。     

复合固体推进剂最通用的粘合剂—聚氨酯

从黑火药首次用作火箭推进剂到有机物质有效地用于固体推进剂已经600多年了。由于硝化纤维、有机粘合剂、过氯酸盐及铝粉的应用,从而得到现在完善的推进剂技术。早期的发展受到从第二次世界大战后迅速兴起的塑料工业得来的基本聚合化学知识的影响。聚氨酯聚合系统广泛用作合成纤维和泡沫塑料,进而发展成现代的推进剂。最初研制推进剂是在50年代中期,那时认为聚氨酯固化是完全的、直接了当的,并不产生多余的副产品。另外,采用了与粘合剂系统相容的铝粉,提高了推进剂弹道性能。最后,使用键合剂改进了推进剂结构性能,从而能满足战术、战略导弹及航天应用所需的严格力学性能。本文记叙了推进剂的四个历史发展阶段和该推进剂系统的组成,也概括了主要武器系统中聚氨酯推进剂的应用。     

固体推进剂点火研究评论

为了确定固体推进剂点火的现有技术水平,本文对该领域的有关文献作了广泛评论,对各种点火理论、实验测量和点火准则作了详细评定研究。为易于进行比较,本文用易懂的表格形式概括了各项研究工作的情况,也讨论了各种重要参数对点火过程的影响。指出了主要技术难点,同时提出了进一步研究的建议。     

Acoustic measurements of models of military style supersonic nozzle jets

Modern military aircraft jet engines are designed with variable-geometry nozzles to provide optimal thrust in different operating conditions, depending on the flight envelope. How- ever, acoustic measurements for such nozzles are scarce, due to the cost involved in making full- scale measurements and the lack of details about the exact geometries of these nozzles. Thus the present effort at Pennsylvania State University （PSU） in partnership with GE Aviation and the NASA Glenn Research Center is aiming to study and characterize the acoustic field produced by supersonic jets issuing from converging-diverging military style nozzles, and to identify and test promising noise reduction techniques. An equally important objective is to develop methodology for using data obtained from small- and moderate-scale experiments to reliably predict the full-scale engine noise. The experimental results presented show reasonable agreement between small-scale and medium-scale jets, as well as between heated jets and heat-simulated ones.     

Large eddy simulation of turbulent diffusion flame combustion using a conserved scalar methodology

The present paper describes an LES prediction of turbulent diffusion flame combustion in a simplified axi-symmetric combustor geometry.The calculations are carried out using a well-tested finite volume incompressible LES code which has been modified to handle variable density and reacting flows.The basic mixture fraction conserved scalar method is used with the chemical state relationships described by fast chemistry.The turbulence-chemistry interaction is modelled by a sub-grid PDF method and the PDF is assumed to follow a Beta-function shape.The LES predictions have been time-averaged over 3.5 flow-through times to generate the mean radial profiles of mixture fraction,product mass fraction,temperature,axial velocity and axial rms.The agreement of the LES predictions with the experimental data is good for all the above quantities at four different axial positions with largest differences at the first measurement plane.The LES method also provides information on the unsteady nature of turbulent diffusion combustion. For turbulent reacting flows with large density ratio,it was found necessary to use a relaxation method in order to remove unphysical high-frequency fluctuations and to maintain numerical stability.      

CUTTING TEMPERATURE OF CBN TOOLS WHEN MACHINING STEEL OF MEDIUM HARDNESS

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