单个雷达回波脉冲的多卜勒频率测量——各种干扰对测量精度的影响

一、引言使用活动目标显示法的先决条件是搜索波束每次与目标相遇,要有足够的发射脉冲命中目标。通常用线性带阻滤波器从固定物体回波信号(“杂乱回波”)中选出运动目标,这一方法基于下述原理,即固定目标的视频频谱的密度中心处于脉冲重复频率的谐波的附近,而运动目标视频频谱的密度中心(按照活动目标显示混频法)由于多卜勒调制,则以多卜勒频率为间距分布在脉冲重复频率的谐波的两边。命中目标的脉冲数量越多,这种现象就越明显。     

系统指向误差对激光测距能力的影响

本文讨论了系统指向误差、发射束宽及激光测距机测距能力之间的相互关系。一般说来,由于系统的指向误差具有统计性质,因此,测距成功概率可通过这些关系来确定。本文对一种激光测距系统进行了详细分析,该激光测距系统在常平架上安装了镜子用作光学中继器。     

钝尾物体底部压力计算

 提出了一种简便可靠的计算钝尾物体表面压力分布及底部压力的方法。将钝尾物体绕流流场分为无粘区、边界层区和分离区。无粘区和边界层区分别用位流理论和边界层理论计算。分离区由根据尾流函数等建立的替代模型模拟。利用奇点法解出整个模型的压力分布。计算釆用迭代法进行。对Vanwagenen模型和鲁尔大学模型进行了计算,结果表明该方法是成功的。     

Conversations with Rep. Ken Calvert. Interview by Frank Sietzen Jr

Rep. Calvert, chair of the House aeronautics and space subcommittee of the Science Committee, answers questions related to priorities for space in the current congressional session: the Vision for Space Exploration, development of the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) and other heavy-lift launch vehicles, entrepreneurial alliances in the space transportation industry, the U.S. aerospace industry, space tourism, entrepreneurs and NASA, U.S. aeronautics research, a service mission to the Hubble Space Telescope, and priority military space programs.     

Recurrent isolation of hydrogen peroxide-resistant spores of Bacillus pumilus from a spacecraft assembly facility

While the microbial diversity of a spacecraft assembly facility at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Pasadena, CA) was being monitored, H2O2-resistant bacterial strains were repeatedly isolated from various surface locations. H2O2 is a possible sterilant for spacecraft hardware because it is a low-temperature process and compatible with various modern-day spacecraft materials, electronics, and components. Both conventional biochemical testing and molecular analyses identified these strains as Bacillus pumilus. This Bacillus species was found in both unclassified (entrance floors, anteroom, and air-lock) and classified (floors, cabinet tops, and air) locations. Both vegetative cells and spores of several B. pumilus isolates were exposed to 5% liquid H2O2 for 60 min. Spores of each strain exhibited higher resistance than their respective vegetative cells to liquid H2O2. Results indicate that the H2O2 resistance observed in both vegetative cells and spores is strain-specific, as certain B. pumilus strains were two to three times more resistant than a standard Bacillus subtilis dosimetry strain. An example of this trend was observed when the type strain of B. pumilus, ATCC 7061, proved sensitive, whereas several environmental strains exhibited varying degrees of resistance, to H2O2. Repeated isolation of H2O2-resistant strains of B. pumilus in a clean-room is a concern because their persistence might potentially compromise life-detection missions, which have very strict cleanliness and sterility requirements for spacecraft hardware.     

使用信息矩阵滤波的跟踪融合的性能评估

在多传感器环境下，每个传感器探测多个目标，接着产生相应的跟踪。这些跟踪可能互不相同，经过融合后，传感器生成有关目标的更精确的运动信息和属性信息。目前已有两种方法可以达到上述目的，一种是测量值融合法，一种是状态矢量融合法。众所周知，测量值融合计算法通常最优，但计算费时，而状态矢量融合算法计算省力却是次优。之所以如此，是因为从两个传感器中获得的待融合状态级估值，由于通常存在被跟踪目标的过程噪声，通常并非条件独立。值得注意的是，状态矢量融合已有三种计算法：加权协方差法、信息矩阵法和伪测量法。本文仅限于讨论状态矢量融合中信息矩阵形式的性能评估。利用信息矩阵计算法已经推导出稳态融合协方差的闭式分析解并作为一种性能的度量方法。注意，推导出的结果基于两个传感器同步工作且没有误关联的假设，或是在研究时考虑了融合测量值。并且我们将推导出的结果用蒙特卡罗仿真进行了比较，过去曾有许多作者利用蒙特卡罗仿真来预测融合系统的性能。这些结果有助于更加深入地了解跟踪融合的作用原理，并大大简化了对融合性能的评估。此外，有了这样的解，简化了对各种不同工作条件下设计融合系统的折衷研究。     

The Interplanetary Internet: a communications infrastructure for Mars exploration

A strategy is being developed whereby the current set of internationally standardized space data communications protocols can be incrementally evolved so that a first version of an operational "Interplanetary Internet" is feasible by the end of the decade. This paper describes its architectural concepts, discusses the current set of standard space data communications capabilities that exist to support Mars exploration and reviews proposed new developments. We also speculate that these current capabilities can grow to support future scenarios where human intelligence is widely distributed across the Solar System and day-to-day communications dialog between planets is routine.     

Spore UV and acceleration resistance of endolithic Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus subtilis isolates obtained from Sonoran desert basalt: implications for lithopanspermia

Bacterial spores have been used as model systems for studying the theory of interplanetary transport of life by natural processes such as asteroidal or cometary impacts (i.e., lithopanspermia). Because current spallation theory predicts that near-surface rocks are ideal candidates for planetary ejection and surface basalts are widely distributed throughout the rocky planets, we isolated spore-forming bacteria from the interior of near-subsurface basalt rocks collected in the Sonoran desert near Tucson, Arizona. Spores were found to inhabit basalt at very low concentrations (相似文献   

Research priorities and plans for the International Space Station-results of the 'REMAP' Task Force

Recent events in the International Space Station (ISS) Program have resulted in the necessity to re-examine the research priorities and research plans for future years. Due to both technical and fiscal resource constraints expected on the International Space Station, it is imperative that research priorities be carefully reviewed and clearly articulated. In consultation with OSTP and the Office of Management and budget (OMB), NASA's Office of Biological and Physical Research (OBPR) assembled an ad-hoc external advisory committee, the Biological and Physical Research Maximization and Prioritization (REMAP) Task Force. This paper describes the outcome of the Task Force and how it is being used to define a roadmap for near and long-term Biological and Physical Research objectives that supports NASA's Vision and Mission. Additionally, the paper discusses further prioritizations that were necessitated by budget and ISS resource constraints in order to maximize utilization of the International Space Station. Finally, a process has been developed to integrate the requirements for this prioritized research with other agency requirements to develop an integrated ISS assembly and utilization plan that maximizes scientific output.     

With a grain of salt: what halite has to offer to discussions on the origin of life

This experimental study investigated how the dynamics of the crystallization of the evaporite mineral halite could affect the accumulation and preservation of organic macromolecules present in the crystallizing solution. Halite was grown under controlled conditions in the presence of polymer nanoparticles that acted as an analog to protocellular material. Optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy were used to trace the localization of the nanoparticles during and after growth of halite crystals. The present study revealed that the organic nanoparticles were not regularly incorporated within the halite, but were very concentrated on its surfaces. Their distribution was controlled dominantly by the morphologic surface features of the mineral rather than by specific molecular interactions with an atomic plane of the mineral. This means that the distribution of organic molecules was controlled by surfaces like those of halite's evaporitic growth forms. The experiments with halite also demonstrated that a mineral need not continuously incorporate organic molecules during its crystallization to preserve those molecules: After rejection by (non-incorporation into) the crystallizing halite, the organic nanoparticles increased in concentration in the evaporating brine. They ultimately either adsorbed in rectilinear patterns onto the hopper-enhanced surfaces and along discontinuities within the crystals, or they were encapsulated within fluid inclusions. Of additional importance in origin-of-life considerations is the fact that halite in the natural environment rapidly can change its role from that of a protective repository (in the absence of water) to that of a source of organic particles (as soon as water is present) when the mineral dissolves.