用热流探针测量激波速度

激波速度测量是激波管和激波风洞运行状态的一个重要参数,压电传感器或光学方法测速系统成本高,而传统电离探针在激波马赫数较低、波后温度达不到空气电离程度的情况下无法满足实验要求。提出了一种使用同轴热电偶作为测速探针来测激波速度的方法,弥补了电离探针在激波马赫数较低时的不足。介绍了同轴热电偶探针测速原理,并设计了测量激波速度的系统电路。通过信号放大电路锁定激波冲激信号,触发脉冲信号发生电路,实现了一种单通道、多测点的激波风洞测速系统。分别开展以温度与热流为触发信号的风洞实验,结果表明只有使用热流信号才能满足激波测速的时间要求。     

基于CST方法的吸附式压气机叶型及抽吸方案耦合优化设计

为了探索吸附式叶型设计特点,研究了一种将类别形状函数变换法(CST)方法和人工蜂群算法相结合,利用2D程序作为流场求解器,对吸附式叶型和抽吸方案进行耦合优化设计的新型吸附式压气机叶型设计方法,并且详细论证了CST方法用于吸附式叶型优化设计的可行性。研究结果表明:耦合优化设计之后在保证叶型强度未下降的基础上总压损失降低了65%,气流转折角增加了3°,气动性能得到较大的提升。针对所优化的进口高亚声速的吸附式叶型,通过适当改变叶型前缘处的型面,可以较好地控制气流马赫数,避免产生激波,从而防止附面层厚度增加,降低叶型损失。     

An equivalent ground thermal test method for single-phase fluid loop space radiator

Thermal vacuum test is widely used for the ground validation of spacecraft thermal control system. However, the conduction and convection can be simulated in normal ground pressure environment completely. By the employment of pumped fluid loops’ thermal control technology on spacecraft, conduction and convection become the main heat transfer behavior between radiator and inside cabin. As long as the heat transfer behavior between radiator and outer space can be equivalently simulated in normal pressure, the thermal vacuum test can be substituted by the normal ground pressure thermal test. In this paper, an equivalent normal pressure thermal test method for the spacecraft single-phase fluid loop radiator is proposed. The heat radiation between radiator and outer space has been equivalently simulated by combination of a group of refrigerators and thermal electrical cooler(TEC) array. By adjusting the heat rejection of each device, the relationship between heat flux and surface temperature of the radiator can be maintained. To verify this method,a validating system has been built up and the experiments have been carried out. The results indicate that the proposed equivalent ground thermal test method can simulate the heat rejection performance of radiator correctly and the temperature error between in-orbit theory value and experiment result of the radiator is less than 0.5 C, except for the equipment startup period. This provides a potential method for the thermal test of space systems especially for extra-large spacecraft which employs single-phase fluid loop radiator as thermal control approach.     

Multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for emission and cost reductions

Pollutant gases emitted from the civil jet are doing more and more harm to the environ- ment with the rapid development of the global commercial aviation transport. Low environmental impact has become a new requirement for aircraft design. In this paper, estimation method for emis- sion in aircraft conceptual design stage is improved based on the International Civil Aviation Orga- nization （ICAO） aircraft engine emissions databank and the polynomial curve fitting methods. The greenhouse gas emission （CO2 equivalent） per seat per kilometer is proposed to measure the emis- sions. An approximate sensitive analysis and a multi-objective optimization of aircraft design for tradeoff between greenhouse effect and direct operating cost （DOC） are performed with five geom- etry variables of wing configuration and two flight operational parameters. The results indicate that reducing the cruise altitude and Mach number may result in a decrease of the greenhouse effect but an increase of DOC. And the two flight operational parameters have more effects on the emissions than the wing configuration. The Pareto-optimal front shows that a decrease of 29.8% in DOC is attained at the expense of an increase of 10.8% in greenhouse gases.     

多尾鳍仿生航行器推进性能的三维数值研究

采用格子波尔兹曼方法及浸没边界法,发展了一套适用于自由游动的三维数值研究程序。进而以多尾鳍推进仿生航行器为原型,讨论了尾鳍数目、形状、材料刚度等构型参数及振幅、频率等尾鳍摆动参数对推进性能的影响。结果表明对称布置、反对称摆动的双尾鳍能够明显消除侧向力而避免航行器主体的横向晃动,且推力大于两个单独尾鳍的简单加和;在中等Reynolds数下,具有波动性质的柔性尾鳍不论是推进速度还是推进效率均优于刚性尾鳍;当尾鳍单纯摆动推进时,具有完整鳍面的半椭圆形尾鳍的推进性能优于后部有缺口的深叉形尾鳍。     

连续尺度变换方程在稳态及非稳态流动模拟中的应用

为了提高涡粘性假设的湍流模型对于非稳态流动的求解精度,同时兼顾其对于稳态流动的求解性能,将雷诺应力项与连续变换方程(CSSE)结合而形成新的应力项,使其根据流场尺度、网格尺度及Kolmogorov尺度来自动调节当地的应力雷诺应力模化水平,避免网格因素在流场模拟中产生不利影响,改正了混合RANS/LES方法的速度型偏离对数率问题;同时,该方法并未引入显式亚格子模型(SGS),因此回避了亚格子系数确定对于流场模拟精度产生的影响,改善了湍流模型对于流动不稳定性的辨识精度。在湍流平板算例中,CSSE方法计算的边界层速度型精度与雷诺平均方法(RANS)相当,而对于圆柱尾迹的模拟则证明了CSSE方法具有混合RANS/LES方法的优点,即能够准确模拟流动的不稳定性特征。     

基于2D-LDV技术的船舶螺旋桨三维流场结构分析(英文)

利用2D-LDV设备,通过优化布置测试点,获得了均匀来流下螺旋桨尾流场三维流动数据。展示了宏观的流场动态以及微观的流动信息,如尾涡和梢涡在流场中的分布情况、尾涡部流动的剪切效应、梢涡部的绕流及流动分离状态。计算了水动力螺距角以及螺旋桨附着涡的总环量。试验显示了LDV技术在流动细节测试方面的优势,获得的定量信息可以为相关研究人员提供技术支持。     

基于再入轨迹和气动热环境的返回舱烧蚀研究

针对再入全过程合理预测热防护罩表面材料烧蚀深度和温度的动态变化问题,提出融合再入轨迹、气动热以及Newton-Raphson和三对角矩阵算法（TDMA）构建动态烧蚀的方法。该方法建立直入式和跳跃式三自由度再入轨迹,应用修正的牛顿流体理论估算气动参数,以及修正的Fay-Riddell和Sutton-Grave理论计算驻点区域的热流密度,利用一维非线性热传导方程模拟了热防护材料的烧蚀过程。仿真结果表明：此方法实现了再入全过程热防护材料烧蚀深度和温度连续动态变化的预测,同样适用于更为复杂结构飞行器的动态烧蚀预测,与热平衡积分法（HBI）相比其结果可靠合理,为进一步优化热防护系统（TPS）提供了一定的参考依据。     

基于干扰观测器的高超声速飞行器预测控制器设计

针对具有强耦合特性与模型不确定性特点的高超声飞行器控制问题,提出一种新型的姿态预测控制器设计方法。引入参考模型,建立了飞行器姿态预测控制模型。基于此,利用预测理论设计了飞行器的预测控制器,同时设计了干扰观测器实时观测外界未知干扰来进行补偿控制,从而实现滚动优化的目的;基于干扰观测值与真值的误差,利用Lyapunov稳定性理论,确定了控制精度与预测步长大小的关系;最后,在参数标称与拉偏的情形下进行了高超声速飞行器姿态控制系统仿真,仿真结果表明,干扰观测器能快速跟踪干扰,并且所设计的预测步长可以满足飞行器高精度的控制要求。     

TC4-DT钛合金磨削表面特性及其摩擦磨损性能

钛合金是一种典型难磨削加工材料,磨削表面易出现烧伤、裂纹等热损伤。本文开展了TC4-DT钛合金磨削实验,通过扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱（EDS）、X射线衍射（XRD）、显微硬度仪、金相显微镜及球-盘摩擦磨损实验仪研究了其表面特性及摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：低速磨削表面质量好,摩擦磨损性能较基体略提高;当砂轮线速度为80 m/s时,磨削表面质量良好,摩擦系数为0.38,较基体降低40%;而砂轮线速度为100 m/s时,磨削表面出现严重烧伤、网状裂纹。因此选择合理的高速磨削工艺可避免烧伤、裂纹等热损伤缺陷,并可有效改善表面摩擦磨损性能;磨削表面干摩擦磨损机制为磨粒磨损、粘着磨损和剥层磨损。