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411.
Recent advances in RF missile systems have reduced the effectiveness of conventional on-board electronic countermeasures (ECM) to defend friendly aircraft. To provide the much needed defense, off-board ECM techniques are being developed. The effectiveness of off-board RF ECM is analyzed, and specific observations are made about the effectiveness of such ECM when used to defend friendly aircraft 相似文献
412.
Radar Imaging of Mercury 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
John K. Harmon 《Space Science Reviews》2007,132(2-4):307-349
Earth-based radar has been one of the few, and one of the most important, sources of new information about Mercury during
the three decades since the Mariner 10 encounters. The emphasis during the past 15 years has been on full-disk, dual-polarization
imaging of the planet, an effort that has been facilitated by the development of novel radar techniques and by improvements
in radar systems. Probably the most important result of the imaging work has been the discovery and mapping of radar-bright
features at the poles. The radar scattering properties of these features, and their confinement to permanently shaded crater
floors, is consistent with volume backscatter from a low-loss volatile such as clean water ice. Questions remain, however,
regarding the source and long-term stability of the putative ice, which underscores the need for independent confirmation
by other observational methods. Radar images of the non-polar regions have also revealed a plethora of bright features, most
of which are associated with fresh craters and their ejecta. Several very large impact features, with rays and other bright
ejecta spreading over distances of 1,000 km or more, have been traced to source craters with diameters of 80–125 km. Among
these large rayed features are some whose relative faintness suggests that they are being observed in an intermediate stage
of degradation. Less extended ray/ejecta features have been found for some of the freshest medium-size craters such as Kuiper
and Degas. Much more common are smaller (<40 km diameter) fresh craters showing bright rim-rings but little or no ray structure.
These smaller radar-bright craters are particularly common over the H-7 quadrangle. Diffuse areas of enhanced depolarized
brightness have been found in the smooth plains, including the circum-Caloris planitiae and Tolstoj Basin. This is an interesting
finding, as it is the reverse of the albedo contrast seen between the radar-dark maria and the radar-bright cratered highlands
on the Moon. 相似文献
413.
Nearly optimum quantization levels for multileveled quantizers in radar receivers and distributed-detection are calculated for preassigned false-alarm probability Q 0 by maximizing the detection probability Q d after replacing both Q 0 and (1-Q d) by the saddlepoint approximations. Narrowband signals of random phase and with both fixed and Rayleigh-fading amplitudes in Gaussian noise are treated, and the loss in signal detectability incurred by quantization is estimated 相似文献
414.
Single stage Stirling coolers providing refrigeration at around 80 K have been developed for space use and are now being produced commercially. Development work is now concentrating on multistage coolers for temperatures below 30 K. This paper describes results from a two stage cooler built at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and preliminary tests on a closed cycle 4 K cooler. 相似文献
415.
Narayanan R.M. Doerr D.W. Rundquist D.C. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1992,28(2):404-412
The temporal decorrelation characteristics of X -band radar backscatter from wind-influenced vegetation were investigated using a short-range CW radar. Radar reflectance data were gathered on various types of individual trees from a distance of approximately 30 m. The windspeed was monitored during each measurement, which lasted 5 s. The crown cover and the mean leaf area of the trees were also recorded. Autocovariance plots were generated for each measurement, from which the decorrelation time was estimated. As expected, the return signals decorrelated faster at higher wind speeds. However, the decorrelation time was also found to depend on the tree type, tree structure, and leaf cover characteristics. Measured decorrelation times for moderate winds (7-9 m/s) were often between 40-60 ms, although the lowest decorrelation time measured under these conditions was 14 ms for the Eastern Cottonwood. In lighter winds (1-4 m/s), decorrelation times were much longer, and there was substantial spread in the data 相似文献
416.
This describes the development of an application of artificial intelligence (AI) for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control. The project was part of the requirements for a class in AI at NOVA Southeastern University and a beginning project at NASA Wallops Flight Facility for a resilient, robust, and intelligent UAV flight control system. A method is outlined which allows a base level application for applying an artificial intelligence method, fuzzy logic, to aspects of control logic for UAV flight. One element of UAV flight, automated altitude hold, has been implemented and preliminary results displayed. 相似文献
417.
R.W. King D. Colpus S. Holder D. Ramsden 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1983,3(6):77-80
An HF telecommand system for the control of long duration balloon flights at any point on the globe is described. The system proposed consists of a network of low-power transmitters operating at the same carrier frequency. The choice of transmitter frequency, power and location are presented. Control of the transmitters may be performed remotely by means of the public switched telephone network; an assessment of the error-rate in the system as a whole is given. 相似文献
418.
D J Barta T W Tibbitts R J Bula R C Morrow 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》1992,12(5):141-149
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are a promising irradiation source for plant growth in space. Improved semiconductor technology has yielded LED devices fabricated with gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) chips which have a high efficiency for converting electrical energy to photosynthetically active radiation. Specific GaAlAs LEDs are available that emit radiation with a peak wavelength near the spectral peak of maximum quantum action for photosynthesis. The electrical conversion efficiency of installed systems (micromole s-1 of photosynthetic photons per watt) of high output LEDs can be within 10% of that for high pressure sodium lamps. Output of individual LEDs were found to vary by as much as 55% from the average of the lot. LED ratings, in mcd (luminous intensity per solid angle), were found to be proportional to total photon output only for devices with the same dispersion angle and spectral peak. Increasing current through the LED increased output but also increased temperature with a consequent decrease in electrical conversion efficiency. A photosynthetic photon flux as high as 900 micromoles m-2 s-1 has been produced on surfaces using arrays with LEDs mounted 7.6 mm apart, operating as a current of 50 mA device-1 and at an installed density of approximately 17,200 lamps m-2 of irradiated area. Advantages of LEDs over other electric light sources for use in space systems include long life, minimal mass and volume and being a solid state device. 相似文献
419.
Stark L. Tendick F. Kim W. Anderson R. Hisey M. Mills B. Matsunaga K. An Nguyen Ramos C. Tyler M. Zahalak G. Amick M. Baker B. Brown N. Brown T. Chang J. Jyh-Horng Chen Chik J. Cohen D. Cox D. Dubey J. Ellis K. Engdahl E. Frederickson C. Halamka J. Hauser R. Jacobs J. Lee C. Lee D. Liu A. Ninomiya R. Rudolph J. Schafer S. Schendel E. So G. Takeda M. Tam L. Thompson M. Wood E. Woodruff T. 《IEEE transactions on aerospace and electronic systems》1988,24(5):542-551
With major emphasis on simulation, a university laboratory telerobotics facility permits problems to be approached by groups of graduate students. Helmet-mounded displays provide realism; the slaving of the display to the human operator's viewpoint gives a sense of `telepresence' that may be useful for prolonged tasks. Using top-down 3-D model control of distant images allows distant images to be reduced to a few parameters to update the model used for display to the human operator in a preview model to circumvent, in part, the communication delay. Also, the model can be used as a format for supervisory control and permit short-term local autonomous operations. Image processing algorithms can be made simpler and faster without trying to construct sensible images from the bottom. Control studies of telerobots lead to preferential manual control modes and, in this university environment, to basic paradigms for human motion and thence, perhaps, to redesign of robotic control, trajectory path planning, and rehabilitation prosthetics. Speculation as to future industrial drives for this telerobotic field suggests efficient roles for government agencies such as NASA 相似文献
420.
W. Van Hamme 《Space Science Reviews》1989,49(3-4):373
We present light curve solutions for the non-synchronously rotating Algols RW Mon and RW Tau, and we illustrate how rotation rates are determined from light curves. We find RW Mon's primary component to spin at about 5 times the synchronous rate, which confirms the indication of fast rotation from reported emission line activity. RW Tau turns out to be only a mildly rapidly rotating Algol system, and our light curve solutions do not yield any firm value for the rotation rate of the primary component. It is suggested that continued efforts should be made to do good quality line broadening studies in order to find rotation rates for systems with only modest degrees of rapid rotation, and in order to further test photometric rotation rates against those of line broadening studies. 相似文献